1896.]| G. A. Grierson— On the Kagmirt Vowel-System. 287 
hardly pronounced at all. Pandits say it can be heard, but when they 
say they pronounce it, its sound altogether fails to reach my ear. That 
is probably the fault of my ear, but it is not an exceptionally dull one. 
All that I hear is.the final consonant immediately preceding the 
w-matra, pronounced with exeeptional clearness. In English, we have 
a habit of clipping our final consonants. Thus, in the English word 
bad, the d is only half pronounced. If we added an u-mdatra in Kaemiri 
we should to an Hnglish ear, only fully complete the pronunciation of 
the final d, or in other words double it. I would therefore, represent 
the pronunciation of such a Kaemiri word as bad", great, by bedd, in 
which the doubled d means that the tongue must not only touch the 
palate to get the sound of g, but must also be mostly drawn back, after 
a perceptible interval, so as to complete the explosion, 
The dot under the a corresponds to the ' of the Cirada character, 
and warns thé reader that the a is modified by the following u-m@tra. 
Wade transcribes this a modified by wu-matra, by o. 
As he also 
transcribes the 6 sound of cob, by the same sign, great confusion is 
caused to the learner. 
The following are examples of a modified by u-mdatra. 
[Note that every word ending in u-ma@tra is masculine, and that 
all nouns ending in u-matra belong to Wade s 2nd declension ]. 
a5 bad“, pronounced bodd; great 
“cm. sg.) 
ee khal* (Kholl), open, loose. 
aq mar" (morr), a hut, a fowl-house. 
ae dad* (dodd), burnt. 
da bhai, (hott), a place of eén- 
Geant a wall-cupboard. 
we lad* (lodd), made. 
Se khad* (khodd), pudendim inu- 
liebre. 
ay kal (koll), dumb. 
sid phat (phott), drowned. 
XE rat” (rott), taken. 
Ha, mat (mott), mad. 
aa, lat (lott), light, gentle (of 
~ speaking.) 
7g nal (noll), an entire cowrie. 
ahd bal (boll), recovered in health. 
at bart (borr), a hole in a wall, 
for entrance. 
Wz gart (gorr), made. 
Wz thad (thodd), tall. 
q S tsad“ (tsodd), a round basin 
for milk. 
az gad" (godd), a hole. 
se tsat” (tsott), cut. f ment. 
aq dal (doll), the skirt of a gar- 
A 
aa nar” (norr), sleeve. 
eh tsar™ (tsorr); more. 
aq gat” (gott), thin, weak. 
aa chat” (chott), white. 
When a is followed by @-ntatra it takes a sound closely corres- 
ponding to'that of the German %@. 
As in the case. of w-matra, pandits say 
