1896.] G. A. Grierson— On the Kagmiri Vowel-System. 299 
pronounced ryath. Similarly a medial r is modified and is pronounced 
rd, @.2., era. krhanyauv, he became black, pronounced kréhanyawy 
With a-matra following, it is pronounced ri, as in ae krm®, pr. krim, 
a tortoise (kirmak). The usual pronunciation of ris ru, as in wate. 
krpyaun, he cut (with scissors), pr. krupyaun. . 
The vowel é, is pronounced as in Sanskrit or Hindi: thus 
aay gérun, to arrange. ‘GT = sér, a seer (masc.) 
Ata gerun, to laugh at (also is 4 nér, go thou out, come thou 
gelun). _ out. 
St isér, delay, a yellow apricot %% phér, turn thou. 
(fem.) sare aq mél, unite thou, 
@< ber, a low wall or border (fem.) ®t dér, a heap. 
Gea phél, acrime, a trick (masc.) Wa gén, verses (obsolete). 
St her, a ladder ( fem.) aa tsén, take thou care. 
aa mén, measure thou. Sis zéth, be thou long. 
Sia 2én, earn thou. We méth, be thou sweet. 
Wz tseéth, pound thou. Ha gékh, suspicion (masc.) 
@u seth, a fit, epilepsy (fem.) 
When the vowel é commences a word it is pronounced, and may 
be written, yé@: thus 
wa élor Fe . yél, pronounced  yél, subjection (masc.) 
wx OGror aT_so°ér, yér, wool (masc. ) 
VAT erun or AWA yerun, yerun, to sort (the warp.) 
When @ is followed by i-, u-, or w&-matrad, it becomes 7, yw, ori 
respectively, and is so written. This occurs principally in the formation 
of the past tense of verbs. Thus, from the root Wt pher, ‘turn,’ we get 
the masc. sg. past by adding u-matra. This gives us Lok phyure (for 
* Gq pher--). The fem. sg. is formed by adding #-matra. Thus 
ate phir® (for phér-*), The masc. pl. is formed by adding i-métra; 
and we get Witt phir (for @f< pher-'). Finally the fem. pl. is formed 
by adding y*, which does not affect the 2, and we get Ga phery* (phere, 
see page 304). Again take feminine bases, The base ¥q sér-, a brick; 
its nom. sg. is @he sir® (for sér-*), but its nom. pl. Bq sery* (s@ré). So 
waq  khet-, a field, nom. sg. wifa khiti (for khét-+), but nom. pl. @xy 
Khety* (kheté). Again take the masculine base ¥# fsén- a wall, before 
u-matra we have the nom. sg. TT tsyun”. Before i-matv@ we have 
the nom. pl. atfa tsi‘, but the acc. sg.is 3fq tsénis, because the é is 
not followed by any mdatra-vowel. 
The vowel az is pronounced as in Sanskrit and Hindi. When at the 
