306 G. A. Grierson-;A; List of Kagmirt Verbs. [No. 4; 
A List of Kaigmiri Verbs—By Grorcn A. Grimrson, C. 1. H., 1. C.S. 
[ Read December, 1896. ] 
The following list of Kagmiri Verbs, is founded on the dhatu-patha 
of Icvara-kaula’s Kacmiri Grammar, entitled the Kagmira-gabdamrta. 
The verbs are quoted under their root forms. In the dhatu-patha they 
are all given as ending in a or rather in %, and I have followed this in the 
Déva-nagari list. In the transcription in the Roman character, I have 
followed the usual custom of European scholars in dealing with modern 
Indo-Aryan roots, and have omitted the final vowel. 
There are two conjugations of Kagmiri verbs, which differ only in 
the tenses formed from the Past Participle. The First Conjugation 
consists of Active and Impersonal Verbs, and its terminations (in these 
tenses) are formed by the addition of pronominal suffixes of the Instru- 
mental Case. Examples are; (Transitive Verb); karu-n he made (him), 
literally, he was-made-by-him; (Impersonal Verb) ; asu-n, he laughed, 
lit. it-was-laughed-by-him. Impersonal Verbs only appear in the third 
person masce. singular. 
Active Verbs occur in all genders, numbers and persons. Thus 
kar®-n, he made (her) (lit. she was-made-by-him); kari-n, he made 
(them) (lit. they [masc.] were-made-by-him) ; karé-n he. made them 
(fem.), (lit. they [fem.] were-made-by-him). 
The Second Conjugation consists of Neuter Verbs, and its termina- 
tions (in these tenses) are formed by the addition of pronominal suffixes 
_ of the Nominative Case (which, however, are omitted in the third person 
singular and plural, and in the first person plural). Thus paku-s, I 
went, lit. gone-I. The verb agrees with the subject in gender and 
number. Thus pact-s, I (fem.) went. In the accompanying list, 
Active Verbs are marked (in the first column) with the letter q, 7.e., 
karmani prayoga, or passive construction. Impersonal Verbs are marked 
Ul, 1.c., bhavé prayoga, or impersonal construction. Neuter Verbs are left 
unmarked. This information is taken from the Kagmira-¢abdamria. 
Three simple tenses are derived from the Past Participle; the Past, 
the Aorist, and the Pluperfect. In the masculine, the characteristic 
