310 G. A. Grierson—A List of Kaemirt Verbs, [No. 4, . 
The Aorist, expresses past time indefinitely, with no reference to 
proximity or distance, e.g., karyd-n, he made. In the second conjuga- 
tion in most cases it is, however, used instead of the Past Tense, and 
then the Pluperfect is used for the Aorist. It is formed in the masculine 
singular by adding yaw or yd to the root of the verb, and then affixing 
the pronominal suffixes. The termination is generally written at yau, 
but is always pronounced @ yd. A Kagmiri Pandit makes no distinc- 
tion in pronunciation between au and 6. 
In those verbs which have a Past Tense, the base of the Fem. Plur. 
Past, is the same as that of the Aorist. Thus pyk”, he went, Fem. pl. 
pacya or pacé, Aorist pacydv. 
The Pluperfect expresses remote time, and is formed in the mascu- 
line by changing the yd of the Aorist to ya. Thus, karydn, he did 
(a long time ago), he had done. It-is the tense of narrative. Thus 
sakhariyav, (in telling a story), he went. Those Neuter Verbs of the 
second conjugation, which use the Aorist for the Past Tense, also use 
the Pluperfect in the Indefinite sense of the Aorist. If they end ina 
consonant, they form a new Pluperfect by inserting 7 before the yd. 
Thus zéthiyav, he had been long, but zéthyav, he was long (not zéchyav, 
as the 4/ zéth is not one of the listed verbs). ) te 
The above rules are those given in the Kagmira-gabdamrta. As 
the Past Tenses form one of the chief difficulties of the Kagmiri Verb, 
and, moreover, present irregularities which are not referred to in the 
above abstract (especially those which occur in the formation of the 
Past Participle), I have given in the fourth column of the accompany- 
ing list, the third person singular masculine, of the Past and of the 
Aorist of every verb mentioned. These have been carefully tested in 
each instance by my Pandit, and. by myself, independently, with the 
Cabdamrta, and may be, I believe, taken as correct according to the 
teaching of itsauthor, Here and there my Pandit has given me a form 
not sanctioned by the Cabdamrta. In any such case I have inserted it 
in square brackets. es; 
_ Dr. Elmslie’s Vocabulary contains about four-hundred verbs, while 
this list contains about double that number. It may, therefore, be con-: 
sidered a somewhat important contribution to Kagmiri lexicography, 
I have compared Dr. Elmslie’s Vocabulary with this throughout. 
I have found in it (after excluding a number of perfectly regular 
causals) about a dozen verbs which were not in the Dhdatu-patha. Most 
of these my Pandit condemns as Panjabi-and as not Kacmiri, but two. 
or three have passed his test, and have been inserted between square 
brackets. An asterisk is inserted in the fifth column in the case of each 
verb occurring in the Vocabulary. 
