o 



o 



Europe : — a popular Physical Sketch. 403 



ceptibly into the eastern, flat part of the Scandinavian and 

 Russian plain. The White sea, and the lake Ladoga, form 

 a tolerable line of demarcation. 



Like the east side of the Scandinavian mountain chain it 

 is colder, and the difference between summer and winter, is 

 greater than on the west side, thus the mean temperature of 

 Finland is still lower, and the difference between the seasons 

 still more considerable, which may be perceived by compar- 

 ing the mean temperature of Scandinavia to Uleaborg and 

 Abo. 



Annual. Winter. Summer. 



Umea, 64° north lat .35.3° 14.0° 57.8 



Uleaborg, 65° 33.1° 11.8° 57.8 



Stockholm, 59° 30' ....42.1° 25.3° 61.2° 



Abo, 60° 30' 39.8° 21.9° 60.1° 



The quantity of rain in Abo, 22 inches, is a little greater 

 than that of the south of Sweden, most likely in consequence 

 of the situation between the two gulphs of the Baltic sea, 

 but it is much less than that of the western coast of Nor- 

 way. 



The forests consist particularly ofjir and birch ; oak, how- 

 ever, extends to Biorneborg (61° 30' north lat.) Cultivation 

 of grain is considerable. 



Iceland. — To the west of the Scandinavian peninsula, far 

 out in the ocean, this large island is situated between 63° 30' 

 and 66° 30' north lat., extending about 260 miles from 

 E. to W. and 180 from N. to S. The outline presents a some- 

 what rounded form, although the northern part is an isolated 

 peninsula, connected to the rest by a narrow isthmus. On 

 the north and west side the ocean cuts many extensive friths 

 into the island, (Eya-, Skaga-, Breida-, Faxa- fiord. This 

 is less the case on the east and south side. The general 

 appearance is rocky, and the interior of the island consists 

 of one continued mass of mountains, the loftiest part of which 

 is situated in the south-eastern part of the island, forming 



