Europe : — a popular Physical Sketch. 417 



vered by strata of loose earths, particularly sand and clay, 

 which in most places contain loose stones of considerable 

 size, or, as they are called, boulders. The strata themselves 

 appear to be formed by a universal deluge, and the boulders 

 to be carried from the nearest mountains, particularly the 

 Scandinavian. The turf, a production still forming, is very 

 common, particularly in Holland, the NW. of Germany, and 

 Denmark. Amber is thrown upon the coasts of Prussia 

 and the west coast of Jutland. Mines of course are not to 

 be expected in this tract of country. 



The mean temperatures will be perceived by the Table. 



Latitude. Annual. Winter. Summer. 



Paris,., 49° north lat. 51.12° 



Hamburg, ... 53° 30' 47.75° 



Copenhagen, 55° 30' 46.62° 



Berlin, 52° 30' 46.62° 



Konigsberg, 54° 30' 43.2° 



Danzig, 54° 46.62° 



Warsaw, ... 52° 47.75° 29.8 68.° 



By comparing these mean numbers among themselves, and 

 by what has been stated before under the head of British 

 Isles, it will be perceived that the mean temperature de- 

 creases, and the difference between the seasons increases, 

 towards east, and with the distance from the sea. At Copen- 

 hagen, the same latitude as Edinburgh, the winters are 7.85° 

 severer, but the summer heat exceeds that of Edinburgh by 

 5.76°. Warsaw, 3° 30^ more southerly than Copenhagen, has 

 severer winters than the latter city, but the summer heat is 

 greater than at Paris, situated 3° more southerly. 



The difference between summer and winter at Warsaw is 

 38.2° at Paris 26.8°, and in London 22.45°. Berlin, 3° more 

 southerly than Copenhagen, but much more distant from 

 the influence of the sea, has nearly a similar temperature. 



38.75° 



64.6° 



32° ... 



63.5° 



31.9 



63.5° 



31.9 



64.6° 



26.4 



60.1* 



31.9 



64.6° 



