Europe ; — a popular Physical Sketch. 517 



The northern part of Russia has greater lakes than any 

 other country in Europe, among which Ladoga, Onega, 

 and Peipus are the most remarkable Towards the south 

 and east the lakes become more and more rare ; to the 

 westward many considerable marshes are found. 



The greater part of the plain is covered with those more 

 recent strata of earth commonly called alluvium, containing 

 boulders ; the south of Russia, however, presents in many 

 places granite, chalk, and other kinds of limestone. The 

 climate may be understood by the following table. 



Annual, Winter, Summer, 



St. Petersburg,... 60° N. L. 37-6 16-13 62*37 



Moscow, 56 38-70 10-63 65-75 



Kasan, 56 36-5 10-63 62-37 



On comparing these cities with others of a more westerly 

 locality, we find that the temperature in Europe decreases 

 considerably towards the east. The mean temperature of 

 St. Petersburg is 4-5 less than that of Stockholm, and 6*25 

 less than that of Ullensvang ; that of Moscow is 7*87 less 

 than that of Copenhagen, and 9 less than that of Edinburgh. 

 The winter is extremely severe, whereas the summer is 

 comparatively warm. The summer in St. Petersburg is 

 warmer than in Stockholm and Ullensvang, but the winter 

 is 9*17 colder than in Stockholm, and 13-67 colder than in 

 Ullensvang. The winter in Moscow is 21'27 colder than in 

 Copenhagen, 28-12 colder than in Edinburgh, nay, even 

 severer than at the North Cape, or the northern part of Ice- 

 land. The summer temperature, on the other hand, is 2*2 

 above Copenhagen, 7*87 above Edinburgh, and an equal 

 mean summer temperarture is not met with till we reach 

 Paris or Carlsruhe. Thus the climate of Copenhagen when 

 compared to Moscow, becomes a coast climate, whereas 

 compared to Edinburgh it is a perfect continental climate. 



