522 • Wild Goat of Afghanistan. 



the curve from base to apex thirteen inches ; distance apart 

 at the apex five and half inches ; distance apart at the base 

 one and quarter inches ; basal circumference four inches ; 

 length of face from anterior base of horns to the muzzle 

 nine and quarter inches ; breadth across the face from the 

 inner canthus of each eye four and half inches ; breadth 

 between the ears five and quarter inches ; length of ears 

 four and half inches ; length from the inner canthus of the 

 eye to the end of the muzzle five and half inches. 



Another one measures along the curve one foot ; between y 

 the apices four inches ; distance apart at base one inch ; 

 basal circumference three and half inches. 



A third measures along the curve eight and quarter inch- 

 es ; distance apart at the apex five and quarter inches ; 

 distance apart at base one inch ; basal circumference three 

 and half inches. 



The horns in all are much wrinkled with transverse rugae. 



In the male the horns are very large, semi-elliptical, 

 curving strongly backwards, and gradually outwards towards 

 the apex ; approximated at the base ; divergent at the sum- 

 mits ; transversely wrinkled ; the annual markings of increase 

 very strong and remarkable, standing forward on the ante- 

 rior edge or angle in prominent, somewhat, rounded knobs. 



This is a peculiarity caused by the acute edge of the horn 

 being chipped and worn away by friction and combat j and 

 the horn being thickest and hardest at the joinings or annu- 

 al additions, resists the blows which it receives, which the 

 intervening space is incapable of, and the knobs or projec- 

 ions are thus left at each annual joint. At the base there- 

 fore the horns are entire, and destitute of these prominences, 

 from that portion being less subject to blows and friction. 

 Their colour is an earthy grey, changing to blackish at the 

 base. 



The colour of the animal varies with age and season, but 

 it may be said generally to be of a brownish grey, more or 



