1871.] W. E. Brooks— Cashmir Birds. 83 



cinereocapilla is. The males of each are notably distinct. All three are abun- 

 dant in the plains of India in the cold weather. The young grey and white 

 birds of each moult direct into mature Jiava, cinereocapilla or melano- 

 cepliala, as the case may be, as my large series shews. The voice of cinereo- 

 capilla differs from that of the other two, and is rather like the note of 

 B. citrcola. It comes up to Etawah in full plumage, after the other two 

 have migrated north. It is curious that it was the only one of the three 

 that I met with in Cashmir. I shot numbers every time I fell in with a 

 flight, but never procured either of the other species. These three veiy 

 marked birds have all been confounded under the name of flava, which is 

 simply absurd. My series consists of about 600, shot in every month ex- 

 cept June, July and August. B. flava can always, whether mature or im- 

 mature, be separated from either of the others by its broad white supercili- 

 uin. The young of cinereocapilla and melanocepliala are closely alike. They 

 would be difficult to separate until they change some of the head feathers. 

 The supercihum of B. flava is occasionally strongly tinged with sulphur 

 yellow, so are the edges of the wing coverts and the margin of the tertials 

 when newly moulted ; but this yellow tint wears off, leaving the supercilium 

 qiute white. All three are subject to yellow margins to wing feathers. 



Pipastes apjbobetts. — Migrates abundantly through Cis-Himalayan 

 Cashmir in the end of April and beginning of May. I shot numbers, but 

 never met with a single example of the other very distinct species, P. ma- 

 culatus, which I did not even hear in Cashmir. It has a long drawn 

 sibilant note, never uttered by P. arooreus, and its haunts are never strictly 

 arboreal. The general green tinge ; the green edgings to the tail ; the very 

 pure white on the posterior part of the supercilium, which changes to a deep 

 buff anterior to the eye ; and the utterly different mode of striation on the 

 back, separate this bird from arooreus. Few people who study the two 

 birds will agree with M. Verreaux that they are one and the same. Mr. 

 Hodgson rightly distinguished them. 



Anthus eosasetjs, Hodgson, which has been confounded with A. cer- 

 vicitis, is common on the upland grassy hills of the Cashmir Himalayas, where 

 it breeds at and above 10,000 feet elevation. I saw the old birds carrying 

 food to their young on the 15th of June. The song of this species is good, 

 and second only to that of P. arooreus, as far as a pipit's song goes.* 



* Since I wrote the note on Anthus rosaceus I have seen Mr. Swinhoe's paper 

 on the birds of China, from which I make the following extract. 



"208. Anthus cervinus, Pall., Zoograph. i. p. 511; Ibis, 1870, p. 347 ; P. Z. S. 

 1863, p. 273. 



Anthus thermophilus, Ibis, 1860, pp. 55, 429 ; 1861, pp. 36, 411 ; 1863, p. 311. 



Anthus Japonicus, Ibis, 1861, p. 333. 



Throughout China, Hainan, Formosa. It is a mistake to identify the Eu- 

 ropean 4. Gecilii, Atidouin (=4. rufogularis, Brehm), with our eastern .1. cervinus. 



