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neck, the body and limbs, and, finally, also in the nasal 

 cavities. The characteristic areas, or Kunkur, are present in 

 the granulation tissue. 



It is extremely difficult to discuss the condition, for most 

 of the descriptions were given in the early or middle part of 

 the nineteenth century, when any knowledge of pathology 

 was not general. 



De Haan and Hoogkamer (1903) have described a similar 

 disease occurring in the Sunda Islands. This article is referred 

 to by Hutyra and Marek. Unfortunately the present writer 

 has had no opportunity of consulting the original article. 



These authors have claimed that the condition is due to 

 a fungus, but appear to have produced no experimental 

 evidence in support of their conclusions. 



Several of the older writers have described lesions as 

 occurring on the mucous membrane of the mouth, but it 

 would appear that they are describing lesions of different char- 

 acter from those occurring on the external surfaces of the 

 body. Also, lesions are described as occurring in the internal 

 organs. Since caseo-calcareous masses are not uncommon in 

 the internal organs of all herbiverous animals, there seems to 

 be no justification in the conclusion of many writers that these 

 masses are "internal lesions" of "Bursattee." 



One is forced to the conclusion that under the name of 

 "Bursattee" lesions due to may causes have been described. 

 Nevertheless, there appears to be no doubt that the majority 

 of the lesions described as occurring on the external surface of 

 the body possess characteristics closely resembling those of 

 habronemic granulomata as seen mainly in tropical regions. 



Hayes (1906) mentions some very interesting points in 

 connection with the occurrence of the disease. He says, 

 "Although bursattee was very prevalent in Indian stables, say, 

 thirty years ago, it is now comparatively rare; owing, appar- 

 ently to improved sanitary arrangements, of which the supply 

 of purer water has been the most important factor in the 

 prevention of this disease. It is practically unknown among 

 horses whose stable management, feeding, and watering are 

 properly attended to." This statement is one of some impor- 

 tance, for the association of dirty stables with the appearance 

 of habronemic granulomata is now well recognized. A further 

 observation by Hayes also' supports this interpretation. He 

 says, "Horses that have had this disease and remain in the 

 condition under which they have contracted it, are almost 

 certain to suffer from its recurrence. . . ." This is also the 

 case in the occurrence of habronemic granulomata, and is 

 explained by the fact that the animal carries the potential 

 cause of the disease, viz., adult forms of Habronema. 



