282 C0. G. Rockwood—The Earthquakes in Spain. 
Art. XXXVIII.— The Earthquakes in Spain; by C. G. 
RockwouwD, JR. 
THE series of earthquakes which has recently devastated the 
southern part of Spain, began with a disastrous shock at 8" 53" 
Pp. M., on December 25, 1884. 
It had been preceded by a light, but somewhat widely ex- 
tended shock in the early morning of December 22, which was 
felt on the northwest coast of Spain and in Portugal, and 
reached so far under the Atlantic Ocean as to affect Madeira 
and the Azores. The shock of December 25, has also been 
followed by a long series of oscillations, repeated at first sev- 
eral times a day, during the rest of December, and with grad- 
ually diminishing frequency through the months of January 
and February, 1885. 
The shock on the evening of Christmas day, much the most 
violent of the series, caused great loss of life and destruction of 
property. Its influence was plainly felt as far north as Madrid, 
where bells were rung and clocks stopped, and very slightly 
also in England; but it was in the southern provinces of 
Spain, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea, that the greatest 
amage occurred. In Cadiz, Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and 
Almeria it was strongly felt, although causing no very serious 
damage in these places; but within the area defined by this 
chain of cities and the Mediterranean Sea, many towns and 
villages were left in a more or less ruined condition. In 
place was built partly upon and partly at the foot of a bluff, 
and the upper town was shaken a 
whelming 1000 houses and 350 of the inhabitants. Here also 
the hot springs ceased to flow, and after two days began again 
with increased quantity and augmented temperature, the waters 
also having acquired a sulphurous character which they had 
not before possessed. 
In Malaga all the public buildings were more or less injured. 
At Estepona a church and buildings were thrown down. At 
Torrox twenty-six shocks occurred between 8" 50™ Pp. M. of the 
25th and 11 A. M. of the 26th, completely destroying the town. 
At Nerja the first shocks were followed by a hurricane which 
