304 J. Croll—Arctie Interglacial Periods. 
nevertheless the inhabitants of the neighborhood use them as 
fuel, and designate these subterranean trees as Adamoushishina, 
or of Adam’s time. The first living birch tree is not foun 
nearer than three degrees to the south, and then only in the 
form of a shrub.”* 
On the hills in the interior of the Island of Koteloni “ Sanni- 
kow found the skulls and bones of horses, buffaloes, oxen and 
sheep in such abundance that these animals must formerly have 
lived there in large herds. At present, however, the icy wilder- 
ness produces nothing that could afford them nourishment, nor 
would they be able to endure the climate. Sannikow concludes 
that a milder climate must formerly have prevailed here, and 
that these animals may therefore have been contemporary with 
‘the Mammoth, whose remains are found in every part of the 
island.” + 
“Herr von Ruprecht reported to Brandt that, at the mouth 
of the Indiga, in 67° 39’ N. lat., on a small peninsula called 
Chernoi Noss, where at present only very small birch bushes 
grow, he found rotten birch trunks still standing upright, 0 
the thickness of a man’s leg and the height of aman. In going 
up the river he met with no traces of wood until he reached the 
port of Indiga. Here he noticed the first light-fir woods grow 
ing among still standing but dead trunks. And higher up the 
river still, the living woods fairly began.”t 
midt says that, “where the lakes on the tundra have 
grown small and shallow, we find on and near their banks 4 
layer of turf, under which, in many places, are remains of tees 
in good condition, which support the other proofs that the northern 
limit of trees has retrogressed, and that the climate here has gro” 
colder. I found, on the way from Dudino to the Ural Mout 
tains, in a place where larches now only grow in sheltered river 
valleys, in turf on the top of the tundra, prostrate larch tre 
still bearing cones.” : ; ae 
chmidt also states that he was informed that at Dudino, just 
at the limit of the woods, there had been found in a muserab” 
larch wood the lower part of a stem sticking in the grout’ 
apparently rooted, which was three feet in diameter. 1°, h 
states that, ‘eleven versts above Krestowkoje, in lat. 72> . 
found, in a layer of soil covered with clay on the upper edge f 
the banks of the Yenissei, well-preserved stems like those © 
the birch, with their bark intact, and sometimes with their r00' 
attached, and three to four inches in diameter. Protest i 
Merklin recognizes them as those of the A/naster fruticosus, whie 
still grows as a bush on the islands of the Yenissel, @ 
704° Sis 
* Wrangell, p. 492. + Wrangell, p. 496. 
t Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow; quoted by Howorth. 
§ Schmidt, as quoted by Howorth. 
