344 Seventifie Intelligence. 
As large a number of New Zealand living crustaceans exist in 
South America as in Australia, half as many antarctic flowering 
ong the grasses excluded, and one-third as many of the grasses. 
ive of the New Zealand fresh-water fishes exist also in Aus- 
former land-connection existed between these countries, as had 
been suggested by Sir J. Hooker, Mr. H. N. Moseley, and Mr. 
Wallace. 
Tasmania and New Zealand, 600 to 900 miles apart, have 103 
species of flowering plants (6°75 per cent) in common, but only 
two fresh-water fishes, and no fresh-water or land shells with 
one doubtful exception. ; 
e elevation in the antarctic regions supposed to be thus indt- 
cated is referred to the Pliocene. With regard to the extent of 
New Zealand at the time the author observes that all the out- 
lying islands are included within this land area by M. Blanchard ; 
only Chatham Island, by M. A. Milne-Edwards; and probably 
all the area eastward to Chatham and south to Macquarie, by 
Wallace. At Chatham Islands the New Zealand species include 
At the Aucklands are found a number of New Zealand land 
birds, three species of land shells and the slug Janella bitenta- 
culata. Of the flowering. plants of Auckland, Campbell and 
Macquarie Islands about 75 per cent occur on New Zealand. + 
connection of all these southern islands with New Zealand 1s 
hence probable. ‘And as these islands contain antarctic species 
not occurring in New Zealand it is reasonable to conclude that 
the species reached New Zealand from the southward allace 
makes the route for the Fuegian plants to have been through the 
South Shetlands from the Antarctic continent; and eager 
makes Fuegia to be related more or less evidently in its plant 
At the Kermadee Islands, 450 miles north of New Zealand, e 
per cent of the plants are endemic species; and the isolation 0 
the group may therefore date from the same time. a 
Chatham Isles, the Aucklands and Campbell Island are relate 
in their rocks to New Zealand, which are mainly non-velcante- 
All the other antarctic islands are volcanic excepting . 
Georgia which has a mountain range of slate. Rape 
The author regards it as probable that an antarctic contineD 
south of Africa, including Tristan d’Acunha and Kerguelen 
Island, existed from the Eocene to the Pliocene, but that 4 pat 
tial submergence separating off New Zealand occurred nee 
_ the Eocene and Pliocene; and that Graham’s Land, Enderby’ 
Land and Victoria Land are some of the remnants of this land. 
