122 Geographical Notice of Tibet. [April, 



Cor U-tsdng-pa), means a native of middle Tibet ; " K , kam-pa v for 

 K'ham-ba), one of eastern Tibet ; " Naripa" one of western Tibet ; 

 and " Lho-pa" a native of Bhutan. 



The whole of Tibet occupies high ground, and lies among snowy 

 mountains. Hence it is called in Tibetan books, by several poetical 

 names, expressive of snow, ice, or frozen snow, cold, and high elevation. 

 The highest ground in Tibet is in Ndri, especially the p°ak called 

 The or The, in Tibetan, and Kailasa in Sanscrit, about 80° E. 

 longitude, and 34° North latitude. The sources of the Indus, Setledge, 

 Gogra, and the Brahmaputra rivers are in Ndri (Mhahris). 

 There are several large lakes also. Tibetan writers, in describing the 

 situation of Tibet, have likened Nuri to a lake or watering pond ; 

 U-tsang to four channels ; and K'ham-yul to a field. 



Tibet is bounded on the north by the countries of the Turks and 

 Mongols, whom the Tibetans call Her, and Sok-po (Hor-sok). On 

 the east by China, (Gyanak in Tib.) On the south by India, (Gya- 

 gar in Tib.) On the west by India, Cashmir, Afganistan, Tazik-yul, 

 and Turkistan. 



The hill people of India, who dwell next to the Tibetans, are called 

 by them by the general name " Mon," their country Mon-yul, a 

 man Mon-pa or simply More, a female Mon-mo. 



From the first range of the Himalaya mountains on the Indian side 

 to the plains of Tartary, the Tibetans count six chains of mountains 

 running in a north-western and south-eastern direction, when viewed from 

 Kangri in Nari(a lofty mountain running from south-west to north-west), 

 whence the ground commences to take on one side a north-western 

 and on the other side a south-eastern inclination. In the spacious 

 valley, which is between the third and fourth range of the before men- 

 tioned mountains, is the great road of communication between Ladak 

 and U-tsang. The principal countries or districts in this direction, 

 from north-west, are as follows : Beltistan or Little Tibet, Ladak, 

 Teshigang, Gar or Gdro (the lower and upper), Troshot, Tsdng, 

 U, Bhrigang. It is here likewise, that the two principal rivers, the 

 Senge k'hd-bab, and the Tsdnpo take their course ; that by Ladak 

 to the north-west, and may be taken for the principal branch of 

 the Indus ; this to the south-east, and forms afterwards the Brah- 

 maputra. 



The countries on the Indian side that lie next to Tibet, commencing 

 from Cashmir, are as follows : " K'ha-cli'he-yul" (or R'ha-cK'hul), 

 Cashmir ; Varan, Maude, P 'alder or Chatirgerh, Pdnge, Gdr-zha or 

 Lahul, Nyungti or Kullu y Kliunu or Knaor, and Besahr ; Kyonam 



