1834.] On the Land Shells of India. 85 



vegetables, but appear to have no objection to animal matter also. They 

 bury themselves in the earth, descending foot foremost after the manner 

 of the Pupae, and remain torpid during the dry season. 



I had lately a great number of living specimens in a torpid state, 

 buried in a large glass jar full of earth, in which they had lived eight 

 or nine months ; most of these I find however to have died, leaving a 

 string of whitish ova in the shell. 



No. 6. — Genus Pupa. 



Animal. — With four tentacula, the upper pair being longest, and bear- 

 ing the eyes at the summits ; animal blackish ; tentacula bulging 

 at the tips. Ova- viviparous. 



Shell. — About 1\ or 8 lines long, cylindrical, spire blunt ; whorls 

 9 or 10 ; aperture roundish or sub-quadrate; margins thickened, and 

 slightly reflected, interrupted by the body whorl, a thin plate inter- 

 vening. Colour of living specimens, very pale brownish. 



The exuvia of these shells is very common in ravines and on banks 

 of rivers, and in these situations the shells are always white from ex- 

 posure. 



They are to be found in abundance in the range of hills between 

 Futtehpoor Sikra, and Neemuch, and it is probable that they are to >>e 

 met with in the hills near Mirzapoor, and indeed all along that range. 

 They bury themselves deep in the earth, beneath huge masses of 

 rock, the roots of trees, &c. in immense numbers together. They ap- 

 pear indeed to have formed a community, so thickly do they lie upon 

 each other, and to have buried themselves by common consent in a 

 chosen spot. They do not appear to be scattered indiscriminately 

 over the whole rock, but only in selected spots here and there. The 

 aperture of the shell is generally closed with a very thin coat of har- 

 dened viscous matter, considerably thinner than fine silver paper. 



They appear to be ova- viviparous ; I found one shell with four or five 

 young ones in it, all dead, and having 2 or 2| whorls. Another with 

 three young ones of three whorls each. 



No. 7.— Pupa. 



Animal. — With four tentacula, buttoned at the tips, the upper pair 

 longest and bearing the eyes at the summits ; colour blackish. 



Shell. — About 2^ lines in length; whorls 8 ; spire rather obtuse; 

 colour brown ; aperture rounded, margins reflected and interrupted by 

 the body whorl. 



The shell is covered over with a coating of mud. These little shells 

 I found at Beana ; they were adhering to the face of a bare and very 

 steep rock ; the mouth of the shell is stopped up with a viscous fluid 

 similar to the foregoing descriptions, and this enables them to stick to 



