1833.] The Pan-chaki or Native Water-mill. 361 
waste-board; this return of course varies not only from the pow- 
ers of the mill, but also from their position relatively to populous 
towns and cantonments. In the neighbourhood of Delhi the return is 
great, and demand for atta equally so; whereas at other points distant 
from towns, mills of equal power would not produce half the return. 
The Dodb canal, although possessing every advantage in fall and 
power of machinery, labors under a disadvantage in this respect, the 
town of Saharanpur being the only one throughout its whole extent 
where there is any great demand for machinery of this description. 
Shamli, although a large town, does not contain a great number of that 
class of people who purehase atta, each family grinding their own 
corn for home consumption ; and although there are ample means for 
establishing mills at the south end of the canal opposite Delhi, (the 
canal falling into the Jumna with a descent of about 50 feet in a line of 
12 miles !) it has been considered unadvisable to put them in extended 
practice, on the supposition that the mills already built on the 
Delhi canal in the city would suffer from. the competition ;—in short, 
that the mills 7x Delhi are sufficient to grind the corn required by its 
population. 
The people from whom the millers look for profit are chiefly those 
of the sipahz class, travellers, those without families, idlers, &c. those 
who are regularly settled with their families, trusting as I before said 
to the hand-mill in their own house, and not purchasing from the 
mills excepting on marriages and other grand occasions, when the con- 
sumption of atta is more than their own mill could provide for. In 
military cantonments the whole of the atta and flour used is obtained 
from the mills; the vicinity therefore of a station of this description 
becomes a lucrative affair to the miller, in exemplification of which I 
may mention, that during the existence of the Provincial Battalion at 
Sahdranpur, the canal mills at that place were kept constantly in 
their service, with little or no aid from the inhabitants of the town. 
The profit derived by the renter of a mill depends in a great mea« 
sure on his management, and on the rate per maund which he charges 
for grinding ; but with an experienced and steady man, the following 
may be considered as a very close approximation to their daily profit. 
The rate per maund for grinding atta by the Peesunyaris or corn-grind- 
ers in the city, is generally three annas, for which sum they deliver the 
articles at the purchaser’s house; at the water-mills two annas per 
maund is the usual charge, not however including the carriage of the 
grain to the mill, &c. the charge of two annas being simply for 
grinding. 
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