1867.] the Western Himalaya and Afghan Mountains. 11 



Bodeen range. A small valley, the Paniala valley, separates the Rotta 

 Roh range from the Sheikh Bodeen range, and the direction of 

 both small chains is from the N. E. to the S. W. as far as the highest 

 summit of Sheikh Bodeen, whence westwardly the Rotta Roh alto- 

 gether disappears,, and the Sheikh Bodeen range is continued by a 

 small and low ridge of hillocks directed towards the W. N. W. and 

 supporting the plateau of Bunnoo. (See map.) 



The Rotta Roh is mostly composed of carboniferous limestone. 

 The Zeawan bed is well developed, but extraordinarily disturbed ; it 

 is a yellowish rock, often very sandy. It forms the base of the hills 

 on the E. and S. E. 



Dr. A. Fleming sent home some fossils from Kafir Kote, which were 

 ascertained by M. de Verneuil to belong to the following species : — 

 Productus cora (D'Orb.) ; Productus costatus (Sow.). 

 Productus Humboldtii, (D'Orb.) Spirifer? 

 Dentalium ingens, (DeKonig). 



All the species of which I have given drawings in PL I, III, 

 and V, were found in the Rotta Roh limestone, with the exception 

 of the Spirifer like S. trigonalis* Several species of corals, either not 

 found at all or very rare in Kashmir, were found abundantly in the 

 lower beds of the Rotta Roh ; but altogether the fauna of the Zea- 

 wan bed in Kashmir and in the Rotta Roh is so very similar, that it 

 can be called identical. 



The limestone restsf on a quartzite rather peculiar in some locali- 

 ties. It is composed of opaque white quartz in which are imbedded 

 plates of pearly white mica half an inch wide ; these plates of mica 

 are arranged in tufts ; there are also some irregular nodules or granules 

 of black augite (?) quite lustreless (see fig. 74, pi. IX). There can be 



* A distinct species of Sp., according to Mr. de Verneuil. 



f I failed to find tlie bed of quartzite in situ ; my examination was much 

 more superficial than I could wish. But it is hardly to be wondered at that 

 the quartzite beds are not found in situ,, if we consider the wonderful state of 

 confusion the beds are in. The limestone is in an extremely shivered condition, 

 having been thrown into stray arch-like anticlinals separated by numerous 

 faults. The shivering of the beds often goes so far that it is difficult to ascer- 

 tain the dip and strike of the beds. In such convulsions as those which must 

 have taken place in these hills, the brittle and fragile beds of quartzite must 

 have been entirely broken, and are therefore not to be seen in situ at their oat- 

 crops, but are only indicated by the fragments into which they were reduced. 

 In several localities the ground is covered with angular pieces of quartzite, 

 either with mica as described iu the text, or plain and opaque. 



