14 J. H. Rivett-Caroac — Prehistoric Remains [No. 1, 



on the same side of the bill, i. e., on tbe southern slope ; and the remains 

 found within these tumuli are almost identical in character. 



similarity between the hakes eottnd on the stones and the 

 " Cup Marks" of the Barrows in Europe. 



There is yet a fourth and most remarkable circumstance which goes 

 far to establish the identity of tbe remains found in Central India with tbe 

 well-known prehistoric tumuli of Europe. This is the form of the " cup- 

 marks" on the stones surrounding the tumuli, the existence of which on the 

 Indian remains I was fortunate enough to be tbe first to discover. These 

 cup-marks on the Junapani tumuli and similar markings in the Kumaon 

 hills have already been noticed in my paper in the Rock markings in 

 Kumaon (see the Journal of tbe Society for January 1877), but the sub- 

 ject requires a brief notice in this place also. 



On the stone circles of England and Scotland are found a variety of 

 " Archaic Sculpturings" of various types. The most common of these are 

 the cup-marks which are thus described by Sir James Simpson at page 2 of 

 his work. 



" First type, single cups. The simplest type of these ancient stone 

 and rock cuttings consists of incised, hollowed out depressions or cups, 

 varying from an inch to three inches and more in diameter. For the- 

 most part these cup-cuttings are shallow, consequently their depth is 

 usually far less than their diameter ; it is often not more than half an inch, 

 and rarely exceeds an inch or an inch and a half. On tbe same stone or 

 each surface they are commonly carved out of many different sizes. These 

 cup excavations are, on the whole, usually more smooth and polished over 

 their cut surfaces than the ring cuttings are. Sometimes they form the 

 only sculpturings on tbe stone or rock, as on many Scottish monoliths, but 

 more frequently they are found mixed up and intermingled with ring cut- 

 tings. Among the sculptured rock surfaces, for instance, in Argyleshire, 

 there are in one group at Auchuabreach thirty-nine or forty cup cuttings, 

 and the same number of ring cuttings, and at Camber there are twenty- 

 nine figures, namely, nine single cups, seven cups surrounded by single rings, 

 and thirteen cups encircled by a series of concentric rings." 



Now, although I had paid several visits to the barrows of Junapani 

 and tbe neighbourhood and had noticed on the boulders small holes placed 

 in lines, I had paid no particular attention to their existence. From their 

 regularity and arrangement and general position on the top of the stones 

 (PI. V, fig. 1, 2, 3), I was led to suppose that they were perhaps the work 

 of the cowherds, who grazed their cattle in the neighbourhood, and that 

 they were, perhaps, used for some game similar to that which commended 

 the tri-junction boundary marks of the village lands to the attention of 

 the village children, who, when I was in the Settlement Department, used 



