C R A 



su 



C R A 



Cranics. to man alone, which indicate more exalted faculties of 

 c °Py- mind, and distinguish him from all other animals ; these^ 

 """""Y"— ' organs must, therefore, reside in a part of the brain of 

 which inferior animals are deprived; and it is that mass 

 of brain which lies behind the upper front part of the 

 forehead, which, as we have before observed, is peculiar 

 to some species of man alone. This spot may be consider- 

 ed as the partition between man and all other creatures. 



20. Comparative perspicuity. This organ is found hi 

 the middle of the glabella, immediately above the organ 

 of memoria realis, or aptness to receive education ; be- 

 ing bounded on each side by the organs of metaphysi- 

 cal perspicuity, and behind by the organ of good na- 

 ture. It is found in the skulls of eminent lawyers, and 

 in those men who have the skill of convincing people by 

 similes. Gall observed it in several ecclesiastics that 

 were known as popular preachers, who knew to per- 

 suade their audience by imagery, comparisons, and pa- 

 raboles. 



21. The organ of metaphysical perspicuity, was obser- 

 ved on the skulls of Socrates, Kant, Mendelsohn, Fichte, 

 and many more deep thinkers, over the whole forehead, 

 not quite on the top, being situated on each side of the 

 organ of comparative perspicuity. 



22. Wit. This organ is situated between the organs 

 of metaphysical perspicuity, theosophy, of theft, and of 

 sounds. 



23. Organ of 'inference exists in such great men, as 

 are enabled to arrange their ideas with precision and 

 ease. It arises from the confluence of the organs of per- 

 spicuity, deep thinking, and wit. It causes the whole 

 Hpper part of the forehead to bulge forward. It has 

 been observed by Dr Gall in the heads of Boerhaave, 

 Haller, &c. and by the writer of this article in the skulls 

 of Hunter, Burke, Fox, Stewart, and other great men 

 possessing capacious and comprehensive minds. 



24. Good nature is placed on the corono-glabella por- 

 tion of the middle of the os frontis. It is very conspi- 

 cuous in the heads of good-natured persons and domes- 

 tic animals, as the greyhound, &c. 



25. Theosophy, or godliness, is placed on each side of 

 the organ of good nature. It is of rare occurrence. 

 When found, it causes a swelling in that part of the cra- 

 nium, often combining with the organ of good nature, 

 causing the hair to divide, and fall down on each side 

 of the head. Gall observed a tendency to baldness in 

 such as possessed this organ, of the existence of which 

 he has no doubt. 



26. Perseverance, resides on the coronal, on the an- 

 odes formed by the junction of the coronal and sagittal 

 sutures. 



27. Mimicry, is placed on the coronal aspect, on 

 the inial portion of the os frontis iniad of the organ of 

 perseverance. It is always found in the skulls of mimics 

 and eminent comedians. It is very conspicuous in the 

 busts of Garrick and others. 



We have now enumerated the organs supposed by Dr 

 Gall (at the time he lectured at Dresden) to belong to 

 the human cranium; on the truth of which we shall not 

 hazard an opinion, but refer such of our readers, as wish 

 a. more minute account, to the following works : Ana- 

 tomic et Physiologie du Systeme Nerveaux en general, Sfc. 

 par F. J. Gall et G. Spurzheim. Lettre de C. Fillers a G. 

 Cuvier,sur une Nouvelle Theorie du Cervea u, Mentz 1S02. 

 Edinburgh Review, No. iii. Art. 15. Representation of 

 Gall's Theory of the Brain and Cranium, by C. H. 

 Biscroff, professor of anatomy at Berlin, with remarks by 

 Dr C. W. Hufeland, director of the Medico-chirurgical 

 College, Berlin, octavo, in German. Som-e Accounts, of 



Dr Gall's nem Theory of Physiognomy, founded on the Ana' Cranium. 

 tomy and Physiology of the Brain arid form of the Skill, > —"y-«»' / 

 London, 8vo. 1807. An analysis of this pamphlet may 

 be seen in the Edinburgh Medical and ChirurgicalJour- 

 nal for July 1 806. An anonymous work entitled, Dr 

 F. J. Gall's System of the Functions of the Brain, ex- 

 tracted from Charles Augustus Btode's Account of Dr 

 Gall's Lectures held at Dresden, translated from the Ger- 

 man, to serve as an explanatory attendant to Dr Gall's 

 figured Plaster Skills. 



We cannot conclude, without noticing some of the 

 objections urged against this hypothesis of Gall. He 

 has been accused of describing prominences on those 

 parts under which there is no brain. Thus the root of 

 the nose and eye-brows assume a shape of greater or 

 less prominence, according to the size of the frontal si- 

 nuses, which vary greatly in different individuals ; yet 

 over these cavities he places the organs of memory and 

 colours ; and over the spine of the frons, the organ of 

 aptness to receive an education ; and his organ of mu- 

 sic, on the external angular process of the same bone. 

 It is farther asserted, that, on contemplating the surface 

 of the hemispheres in the situation pointed out by Gall, 

 we meet with no prominences where he describes these 

 organs to exist, but find the brain to present an uniform 

 and general convexity. We have now given the opinions 

 of Dr Gall, and the principal objections brought against 

 them by his opponents. Our limits, however, will not 

 allow us to discuss the point, as we could wish. Indeed 

 we are very unwilling to say more on the subject, until 

 we have perused his last work, and heard his last 

 opinions, which wovdd have considerable weight in 

 terminating the dispute, (w. e. l.) 



CRANIUM, from kpuviov, the skull, is that division of 

 the head which contains the brain. Some derive the 

 name from *g«n»?, a helmet, because it protects the brain 

 as a helmet does the head. In different authors the 

 following synonymes occur, Calvaria, Cerebri galea, 

 Testa, or Scufella capitis ; xuy^o?, xvt<k, and <rx.x<pti>v. 



For an anatomical account of the cranium, see Ana-> 

 tomy; and for an account of the national varieties, see 

 Mammalia. We shall now make some general remarks 

 on the skulls of animals in general. An obvious and 

 very striking difference exists between the heads of 

 man and all other animals, consisting principally in the 

 relative proportions of the face and cranium, which are 

 made obvious by the facial, and basi-facial angles. The 

 facial angle (as we have before observed in the article 

 Craniometry) is greatest in man. The face of ani- 

 mals is situated more antiniad than in man ; and the 

 cavity of the skull is so diminished in size, that its an- 

 terior or glabellar portion is soon lost as we recede from 

 man. Hence the facial line is oblique, aud the facial 

 angle is acute, and it becomes more so as we descend 

 in the scale from man ; and in some birds, and most 

 reptiles and fishes, is lost altogether, as the cranium 

 and face are completely on a level, and form parts of 

 one horizontal line. The idea of stupidity is always 

 associated with an elongation of the face, which lowers 

 the facial line; hence the snipe and crane have be- 

 come proverbial. When, on the contrary, the facial 

 line is increased, with no expansion of the cranium, as 

 in the elephant and owl, by the cells which separate 

 the two tables, the animal acquires a particular air of 

 intelligence, and gains the credit of qualities which he 

 does not possess. Hence the latter animal is selected 

 as the emblem of Minerva, and the former is distin- 

 guished (as we are told) in the Indian language, by a 

 name which indicates an opinion that be participate:; 



