CROATIA. 



353 



Croatia, complishment. The only method of transporting mer- 

 '— -Y"— ' chanclize from Carlstadt to the coast is by land, which 

 is so troublesome and expensive, that the merchants of 

 Fiume and other sea-ports can draw their supplies at a 

 cheaper rate from the Italian and Venetian states. The 

 principal roads in this direction are the Caroline way and 

 the Josephine way. The former, which reaches from 

 Carlstadt to Fiume, and is about 85 miles in length, 

 was formed in 1726 by Charles VI. It is cut entirely 

 in the rock of the mountain which it traverses ; but is 

 very injudiciously planned, and almost totally unfit for 

 wagons. Another road has been projected in the same 

 direction, and is already finished as far as Merselwodicze. 

 The declivities are more gentle, and it is in every way 

 more convenient for passengers. The Josephine way 

 lies between Carlstadt and Zengg, and passes over the 

 Kapella. It is both shorter and less mountainous than 

 the Caroline way ; and 300 workmen are employed in 

 keeping it in repair. The other roads are very indiffe- 

 rent. The route from Carlstadt to Austria passes through 

 Carniola and Carinthia, by Motting, Laybach, and Kla- 

 genfurth ; that from Agram is by Cilli in Styria, and 

 Volkermarkt in Carinthia ; and that from Warasdin is 

 also through Styria and Carinthia, by Pettau and Mahr- 

 burg. The road to Hungary takes the direction of Ko- 

 preinitz and Dernje, and that to Sclavonia is by Lud- 

 bring. But what is still more grievous than the incon- 

 venience of bad roads, is the dishonesty of the waggon- 

 ers. It is almost impossible to trust them with any kind 

 of merchandize, particularly corn, which they frequent- 

 ly sell for their own advantage, or pawn for liquor at 

 the inns on the road. 



As Croatia forms an integral part of the kingdom of 

 Hungary, we must refer our readers to that article for 

 information respecting its government, the administra- 

 tion of justice, its revenue, military force, and other pub- 

 lie establishments; also, its coins, weights, and mea- 

 sures. We may here merely observe, that when Croa- 

 tia attained its present extent in the reign of Leopold I. 

 it was divided by that prince into counties, to which he 

 nominated governors, called Obcrgespanne, who, how- 

 ever, did not then enter upon their office, as the coun- 

 ties were immediately submitted to other administrators, 

 named Ban, a word signifj'ing lord in the Croatian lan- 

 guage. They were, however, effectually installed into 

 their office in the reign of Maria Theresa, and made re- 

 sponsible to a council, whose president was the ban of 

 Croatia. 

 IJeligioa. The inhabitants of Croatia profess, in general, the 

 Roman Catholic religion, though in the military depart- 

 ment there is a great proportion of Greek schismatics. 

 The Roman Catholics are under the jurisdiction of the 

 diocesan bishops of Agram and Zengg, the former of 

 whom is the richest dignitary of the kingdom. He pos- 

 sesses immense domains in Croatia and the Bannat, 

 which yield him an annual revenue of 111,000 florins; 

 and also other considerable privileges, among which is 

 the sovereignty over 105 vassal barons, who hold their 

 fiefs immediately from him, and pay an annual acknow- 

 ledgment of two or three ducats. His metropolitan 

 chapter is the most numerous in the Hungarian states, 

 and consists of a provost, and twenty-seven canons. The 

 bishop of Zengg has a revenue of 12,000 florins a year, 

 and his chapter consists of a provost and five canons. 

 The number of Roman Catholic parishes in Croatia 

 amount to 359, of which 253 are in the diocese of A- 

 grain, and 106 in that of Zengg. There are also 16 



VOL. VII. PART I. 



convents. The Greek schismatic church possesses 158 CmV?.. 

 parishes in Croatia, of which 149 are in the military de- """^ 

 partment; and besides its parish churches, it has 77 

 chapels of ease. To these are attached 302 ecclesias- 

 tics, who are subject to the authority of the bishops of 

 Carlstadt and Pakratz, and are maintained entirely at 

 the expence of their flocks. Government contributes 

 nothing either to the building of their churches, or the 

 support of their pastors. Even the Catholic clergy in 

 some of the districts depend upon the stated contribu- 

 tions of their parishioners, which is fixed by law;— 

 every peasant paying so much for ever)' acre of arable 

 land, &c. The Croatian Catholics, though very defi- 

 cienti n religious knowledge, are neither so ignorant nor 

 superstitious as the Greek schismatics. These last make 

 the whole of their religion to consist in the hearing of 

 mass, and the observance of Lent, which are the con- 

 tinual subjects of the discourses which they hear from 

 the pulpit ; and they consider robbery or murder more 

 venial crimes, than to eat during Lent with a spoon that 

 has been dipped in broth. Few of them can repeat the 

 Lord's Prayer, or know even how to make the sign of 

 the cross. The clergy are almost equally ignorant with 

 their parishioners, and often more immoral ; and are 

 treated with respect only when engaged in their public 

 duties. Though the Protestant religion is tolerated by 

 an edict of Joseph II. yet there are scarcely any of the 

 inhabitants of that persuasion. In 1802, there were 

 only five Protestants in the whole military department. 



In Croatia there are no seminaries of education of any Education, 

 repute; and there is not an individual in the kingdom 

 who has made any figure either in the arts or sciences. 

 In the civil department, there are only 35 public schools 

 for Catholics, supported by government, besides three 

 lyceunvs. Each of these lyceums has five professors, and 

 are, in general, well attended. In 1804, there were at 

 Agram, 309 students; at Warasdin, 280; and at Fiume, 

 92. There is also an academy at Agram, consisting of 

 ten for the study of law and philosophy. In military 

 Croatia there are fifty-three national schools, besides a 

 lyceum at Zengg. These schools,' however, were insti- 

 tuted by government solely for Catholics, though in this 

 department nearly one half of the population belong to 

 the Greek church; and there are only five schools in 

 Croatia for the'instruction of Greek schismatics. 



Considering the general sterility of this country, the Populatien. 

 indolence of its inhabitants, and their ignorance in al- 

 most every branch of rural economy, one would be led 

 to expect rather a scanty population; but so far is this 

 from being the case, that, in proportion to its extent, 

 Croatia contains more inhabitants than any of the other 

 Hungarian states, and surpasses in this respect even the 

 Austrian provinces of Carniola, Carinthia, and Weltern 

 Gallicia. According to Lichtenstern, the population of 

 Civil or provincial Croatia in 1787, amounted to 388,854; 

 and by the census taken in 1 802, that of the military 

 department was 370,180. According to the latest and 

 most authentic statistical tables, there are in 



Civil Croatia. Military Croatia. 



Cities 7 6 



Market Towns ... 13 



Villages 2080 ...... 1240 



Prcedien 8 



Houses 40,048 ...„-. 36,307 



Total number of houses 76,353 



Total number of inhabitants . . 765,034 



2 Y 



