CRUSADES. 



383 



Crusades. 



Effects of 

 the cru- 

 sades up- 

 on reli- 

 gion. 



ance, on the part of the sufferers, and to that exertion 

 and illumination of mind, which terminated in the Pro- 

 testant reformation. 



We conclude with repeating, that the favourable re- 

 sults which we have attempted to trace to the crusades, 

 even should the fairness of the deduction be admitted, 

 will by no means exculpate their authors from the 

 charge of criminal ambition, or enthusiastic folly. In 

 manners, policy, and commerce, they had neither wis- 

 dom to foresee, nor virtue to design any improvement: 



and if their conduct produced advantages to literature Crusade?. 

 and religion, these being diametrically opposite to their V —"""Y~ W -'' 

 desires, implied as much demerit of intention, as the 

 injudicious violence against a victim under torture, 

 which exasperates a sullen tumour into an open ulcer, 

 and thus accelerates the cure of an evil which it was 

 expected to increase. See Gibbon's History; Histoire 

 Generate de Voltaire; Histoire dcs Croisades de Main- 

 bourg.i Esprit des Croisades. (j. w.) 



CRUSTACEOLOGY. 



Criuta- 

 ceology. 



C/RUSTAceology treats of the characters of two classes 

 in Zoology, viz. Crustacea and Arachnides. For- 

 merly, both these were arranged by Linne and his fol- 

 lowers under the general denomination Insects, (In- 

 sect a) ; but the more extended, and consequently more 

 accurate, observations of modern zoologists, have au- 

 thorised the separation of the Crustacea and Arach- 

 ?v ides from Insecta; a division perfectly warranted, 



not only by the difference of most important characters, 

 but also the great facilities which it affords the student 

 of nature. In the following pages, we shall first treat 

 of the Crustacea, and then take into consideration the 

 characters of the class Arachnides, which holds an in- 

 termediate place in the system of nature between the 

 Crustacea and Insecta, and point out their systema- 

 tic connection and arrangements. 



Crusta- 

 ceelogy. 



Class I. CRUSTACEA. 



Crustacea. 1 ms name, by which the class is distinguished, derives 

 V "~"-Y~***' its origin from crusta, a. crust or shell, because the animals 

 have all a covering of that kind. The animals them- 

 selves are known under the familiar appellations of crabs, 

 History. lobsters, shrimps, prawns, centipedes, mdlepeds, &;c These 

 were considered by the ancients as a subclass of fishes, 

 connecting true fish with the testaceous vermes (mollusca) ; 

 and this opinion prevailed, with very little variation, as 

 recently as the time of Linne, who, in the great revolution 

 which he effected in every part of natural history, sepa- 

 rated the Crustacea from fishes and worms, and placed 

 them with insects. After Linne, our industrious country- 

 man Pennant seems to have been the first to separate the 

 Crustacea from insects. He has, however, neglected to 

 assign any reason for this change, which renders it ra- 

 ther an innovation than a reform, and deprives him of 

 any claim of priority which he might otherwise have 

 deserved. He appears to have been rather influenced 

 by caprice, than by any conviction of the correctness of 

 his principles, (as we infer, from his wantonly re-con- 

 necting the whales with fishes, and in other instances, 

 in which his chief aim appears to have been, to differ 

 from his immortal predecessor Linne,) and on these 

 grounds we shall not farther insist on his claims. 



The illustrious French zoologists Cuvier, Lamarck, 

 Latreille, and Dumeril, separated the Crustacea from 

 Insecta, abandoning all the former opinions prevalent 

 on the subject. How far they may have been right in 

 thus rejecting the doctrines sanctioned by so many men 

 of eminence, remains to be examined; and we are much 

 disposed to think, that the grounds on which they have 

 acted, will be found sufficiently firm to warrant the steps 

 they have taken. In such enquiries, we are not to be 

 governed by prejudice or veneration for the works of 

 older writers, in those points where our own judgment 

 may be employed with equal or even greater certain- 

 ty. The tnagni nomiins umbra has something so impo- 

 sing on the minds of those too strongly inclined to wor- 

 ship it, that it cannot be too sedulously guarded against. 

 Much caution is however, necessary, in the examination 

 of innovations, and the utmost impartiality is to be 

 used. It is true, that animals may have a decided re- 



semblance in their external characters, whi'st their in- Crustacea, 

 ternal structure is totally different. This has been con- ***■ ■"V"""' 

 sidered the case with the classes in question, although 

 it appears to us very absurd to have placed together ani- 

 mals so very distinct : How ridiculous must it appear 

 even to the most cursory observer, to be told that crabs 

 and lobsters are insects ! yet such was the opinion of 

 Linne, and even at this time (although the continental 

 writers unanimously agree in considering them distinct) 

 many collectors, either from accustomed habit, or vene- 

 ration for Linne, still consider the Crustacea as a branch 

 of Entomology, and as they both agree in having arti- 

 culated limbs and antennae, they are admitted by most 

 British collectors into their cabinets as genuine insects; 

 their internal structure, economy, and external appear- 

 ance, being disregarded. 



We shall now lay before our readers, the observations 

 of Cuvier, Dumeril, Latreille, and Lamarck, and endea- 

 vour to point out the most obvious distinctive charac- 

 ters of the Crustacea. It appears, that they agree 

 with insects, in having in common with them articu- 

 lated limbs and antennae, but differ most essentially 

 in anatomical structure. The Crustacea breathe by 

 gills like the Mollusca, and have generally four antenna; 

 or horns, and often six mandibules or jaws ; likewise a 

 heart like the Mollusca. They undergo little or no trans- 

 formation; and lastly, they breed more than once. Lc- 

 secta, on the contrary, breathe by trachea; or windpipes, 

 have never more than two antenna;, no mandibules, no 

 heart, and they all undergo more or less transformation, 

 and perish as soon as the procreation of their species is 

 effected. 



Such are the most remarkable characters of the two 

 classes, which warrant, upon every principle, their sepa- 

 ration from each other. Indeed Linne himself, with 

 that clearness and accuracy which distinguished his 

 general views in every department of natural histoiy, 

 has laid the foundations of these recent changes effect- 

 ed by the foreign zoologists. That great man has 

 taught us to consider the internal organization " a na- 

 tural, certain, and unerring guide in the classification 

 of animals." We feel, therefore, fully convinced, thai 



