CUL 



493 



CUL 



Culloden, 

 Culm. 



back on the second line. The two lines being now 



J'oined, formed a considerable body of men ; but their 

 tearts were broken, and their concbtion altogether hope- 

 less and irretrievable. The Duke of Cumberland, after 

 closing his ranks, advanced upon them with a firm 

 step, and with all the confidence which recent success 

 inspires. The cavalry on the wings of the royal army 

 were eager to pour in upon them. The wall which guard- 

 ed their right flank was broken down, by which means 

 a body of horse had got in their rear. There was no 

 time for deliberation ; no alternative left but to seek 

 jafety in flight, or to rush upon certain death. They 

 preferred the former. At first they went off in small 

 parties of four and five. Afterwards the whole separat- 

 ed into two large bodies, one of which directed its 

 course towards Badenoch, and the other to Inverness. 

 The route being now general, orders were issued to 

 pursue, and as there was little disposition in the king's 

 troops to give quarter, the carnage which followed was 

 dreadful. The number of the slain on the part of the 

 rebels has never been accurately ascertained ; some 

 rating it at two, and others at three thousand. Most of 

 the chiefs who commanded the regiments on the right 

 wing which made the furious charge were killed, and 

 almost every man in the front rank of each regiment. 

 Charles himself very narrowly escaped from the field of 

 battle ; and after wandering for several months among 

 the wilds in the west of Scotland, he was fortunate 

 enough to make good his retreat into France. 



The loss on the part of the victors was comparatively 

 trifling, being not more than 300 ; and no person of 

 distinction fell, except Lord Robert Ken - , second son of 

 the Marquis of Lothian and captain of the grenadiers in 

 Burrel's regiment. 



Such was the fatal conclusion of an enterprise which, 

 from its fortunate commencement, promised a very dif- 

 ferent issue. What would have been the result upon the 

 happiness and prosperity of these realms if Charles had 

 eucceeded in recovering the throne of his grandfather, 

 is not for us to determine. The opinions of men on 

 this subject will differ, according to their prejudices, 

 partialities, or political views. It is sufficient for us to 

 know, that whatever might have been the change, it 

 could have contributed little to the power, the wealth, 

 the liberty, and political importance of these kingdoms. 



CULM, or Kulm, a town of Poland, in the Grand 

 Duchy of Warsaw, is situated upon a rising ground on 

 the banks of the Vistula. The town is large, though 

 by no means populous, and has a Catholic college, and 

 five Catholic convents. It was formerly one of the 

 Hanseatic towns, and the extent of its trade was indir 

 cated by large warehouses, which were erected by 

 English merchants. Early in the 14th century, its 

 commerce was in a great degree transferred to Dantr 

 zic; and though it has since revived at particular pe- 

 riods, yet it has always been annihilated by the diffe- 

 rent wars with which Poland has been agitated. Culm 

 received from the Teutonic order the privilege of coin- 

 ing money ; and after it fell into the possession of. 

 Prussia, a military academy for 60 young noblemen 

 was established in the town. At the peace of Tilsit, 

 in 1807, it was transferred to the kingdom of Saxony; 

 but in consequence of the recent conquest of Poland 

 by the Russians, it will probably fall to the lot of some 

 other prince, (j) 



CULROSS, a royal burgh in Scotland, situated upon 

 the north bank of the river Forth, about 1 8 miles above 

 Leith, and in that detached part of Perthshire which 



lies betwixt the shires of Clackmannan and Fife. The Culrow, 

 name is of Gaelic origin, viz. Cut, back, and Boss, a *■* 

 peninsula : The whole district of country between the 

 rivers Forth and Tay, formerly went under the name 

 of Ross. This town, though small and irregular, is 

 beautiful in point of situation ; one street extends along 1 

 the shore, and another runs in an oblique direction 

 along a very steep bank, which is wholly laid out in 

 gardens, with fruit trees. At the top of this street are 

 the ruins of the Cistercian Abbey or Monastery, found- 

 ed in 1217, by Malcolm, Thane of Fife, and imme- 

 diately adjoining are the remains of the abbey church, 

 dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and to St Serf, who was 

 the tutelar saint of Culross; the first day of July was 

 annually kept as a festival to his memory. Amongst 

 many of the ceremonies performed on that day, the in- 

 habitants rose very early in the morning, and walked 

 in regular procession, carrying large green boughs, ac- 

 companied with music. It is somewhat singular that 

 this ceremony is still kept up, though the particular 

 day is changed, and the origin of it entirely forgotten. 

 Part of the abbey church is used as the parish church, 

 and its lofty massive square towers, finished with a, 

 keep at the top, is still very entire. In the convent were 

 nine monks of the Cistercian order, and a confessor. 

 Upon the shore, at the east end of the town, there could 

 be traced, till within these few years, the ruins of a 

 chapel, which was known by the name of St Mungo's 

 Chapel ; and upon the shore west from the town, is the 

 scite of Dunnemarle Castle, said to have been a strong 

 hold of the Macduff's, Thanes of Fife. Upon the verge 

 of their western boundary, in this castle, according to 

 tradition, Lady Macduff and her children were mur- 

 dered by order of Macbeth. 



Adjoining the abbey church, stands the once magni- 

 ficent house built by Edward Lord (Bruse) Bruce, 

 anno 1590; from its situation it commands a most ex- 

 tensive, rich, and varied prospect, with the river Forth 

 in the immediate foreground, having all the appearance. 

 of a great lake. 



This town is now very much upon the decline, many - 

 of the houses being uninhabited, and going to nun. 

 In former times, however, it was a place of consider- 

 able trade, having collieries upon the most extensive 

 scale, and carried on with great enterprise, and spirit. 

 One of the pits was in the sea, about a mile from the 

 shore, surrounded with a moat of strong mason-work, 

 where the coals were put on board the ships. The wa- 

 ter of this pit was drained from the mine by machinery 

 placed on the shore.. When King James VI. visited 

 these coal works, he went down a pit upon the shore, 

 from the bottom of which he was conducted to the pit, 

 within the sea ; when he ascended it, and saw himself 

 surrounded with water, he instantly conceived that 

 there was a plot against his life, and cried out treason : 

 From this apprehension, however, he was soon relieved 

 by his host and guide, Sir George Bruce, who had in rea- 

 diness an elegant boat to conduct him to the shore. Se- 

 veral years after this, a violent storm destroyed these sin- 

 gular works, and they were never repaired. Previous 

 to this disaster, great quantities of coal were shipped 

 at these collieries for the coasting trade, London, and 

 the Continent. By an act of Parliament, 1663, the 

 Culross chalder of coals was established as the standard 

 coal measure for Scotland. . Here, also, the making of 

 salt from the river Forth was at this period carried on 

 to a great extent, there being at least 50 salt pans em- 

 ployed in the manufacture. This town had also the 

 exclusive privilege of making girdles of beat iron. ueedu > 

 ' 3 



