CUMBERLAND. 



501 



conquered by King Edmund, who granted it to Mal- 

 colm, king of Scots. This opinion, however, is con- 

 troverted by other writers. Mr Pinkerton thinks that 

 Cumberland was conquered by the Scots, and that 

 they possessed it by right of conquest, and not by any 

 grant from the English ; and this opinion seems to be 

 confirmed by the circumstance, that it is omitted in 

 Doomsday-book, which it could not have been had it 

 been a grant from England. In 1072, William the 

 Conqueror conquered, or re-assumed the grant of Cum- 

 berland, and bestowed it on Ranulph de Moschines. 

 When Stephen set up his claim to the crown, in order 

 to prevent the interposition of the Scots, he consigned 

 to them Cumberland, as well as Northumberland and 

 Durham. In 1154, Malcolm IV. gave up his claim to 

 this county, in return for a confirmation of his claim 

 to Huntingdonshire. From this period till the middle 

 of the 13th century, there were frequent disputes be- 

 tween the Scots and English monarchs respecting their 

 right to it, till, at a conference held at York, Henry III. 

 in full satisfaction of all the claims of the king of Scots, 

 agreed to assign lands of the yearly value of L. 200 within 

 the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland. Not- 

 withstanding this adjustment, there was still a tract 

 between the two kingdoms not immediately subject to 

 either, called Dcbaleable Ground. This was inhabited 

 by a lawless banditti, who invaded and plundered both 

 countries, and, quarelling among themselves, frequent- 

 ly gave rise to wars between the Scotch and English 

 nations. For the regulation of the Borders, Edward I. 

 appointed a lord warden of the marches ; but the ban- 

 ditti still continued numerous, powerful, and beyond 

 the reach or controul of the law : And border depreda- 

 tions were very frequent even hi the reign of Eliza- 

 beth. James I. in order to extinguish all memory of 

 hostilities between the two kingdoms, prohibited the 

 use of the term Borders-, substituting in its stead that 

 of Middle Marches ; but it required almost 100 years 

 after this period to wear off the jealousies and antipa- 

 thies of the English and Scotch Borderers to each other. 

 After Henry 1 1, resumed the grant, the honour re- 

 mained with the crown till the time of Henry VIII. 

 who created Henry Clifford earl of Cumberland. The 

 title continued in the family of the Cliffords till 1643, 

 when male issue failing, the honour ceased for a time. 

 In 1644, Charles I. created his nephew Prince Rupert 

 Duke of Cumberland ; and the title henceforth has 

 been appropriated to one of the royal family. 



The following statistical abstract for this county, is 

 taken from the population- return for 1811: 



Number of inhabited houses 

 Families that occupy them 

 Houses building . ... 

 Uninhabited houses .... 



Families employed in agriculture 



trade, manufactures, &c. 



— not included in these classes 



Number of males 



— — females 



Total population 

 Population in 1801 

 Increase 



24,002 



28,390 



130 



550 



10,868 



11,448 



6,074 



63,433 



70,311 



133,744 



117,064 



16,680 



See Bailey and Culley's Agricultural Survey of Cum- 

 berland. Pennant's Tour in Scotland, vol. i. Magna 

 Britannia, vol. i. England Illustrated, vol. i. Beau- 

 ties of England and Wales, vol. iii. Hutchinson's Hil- 

 ton/ of Cumberland. Gilpin's Observations relative, chief- 

 ly to Picturesaue Beauty on the Mountains and Lakes of 



Cumberland and Westmoreland. Mrs Radchffe's Jour- 

 ney to Holland; to which are added, Observatio?is during 

 a Tour to the Lakes. Warner's Tour through the North- 

 ern Counties of England, (w. s.) 



CUMBERLAND, Richard, was born February 19, 

 1732, in the master's lodge of Trinity College, Cam- 

 bridge. His father was a clergyman in Northampton- 

 shire, and grandson of the learned bishop of Peterbo- 

 rough ; his mother was the younger daughter of the 

 celebrated Doctor Bentley, and the Phoebe of Byron's 

 Pastoral. At the age of six he was sent to the school 

 of Bury St Edmund's, then under the mastership of the 

 Rev. Arthur Kinsman. There he manifested a great 

 inaptitude to learn. His mind seemed to have no 

 cleverness nor vigour. What was perhaps worse, he 

 was supremely idle ; and accordingly he gradually took, 

 and for some time resolutely kept, his station at the 

 bottom of the class. His worthy teacher, however, re- 

 monstrating with him on his indolence and want of 

 spirit, and reminding him of what was expected by his 

 maternal grandfather, succeeded in rousing him to 

 diligence ; his natural faculties, which were good, be- 

 gan to unfold themselves ; he now entered fairly and 

 heartily on the career of improvement, and very soon 

 became an excellent scholar, rising superior, in some 

 points, to the very ablest of his competitors, and disap- 

 pointing all the fears which his previous carelessness- 

 had created. In his 1 2th year he was at the head of 

 Bury school. Besides being a proficient in Greek and 

 Latin, he had turned his attention to English poetry 

 wrote verses that might have done honour to a riper 

 age, and even produced a drama entitled Shakespeare 

 in the Shades, composed, indeed, almost wholly of pas- 

 sages from that great writer, whom his mother had 

 taught him to relish and to reverence, but put together 

 with wonderful ingenuity and skill. 



From Bury he was transplanted to Westminster 

 school, then taught by Doctor Nichols, under whose 

 tuition he advanced rapidly in classical attainments, 

 not, however, without some aberrations of conduct ; 

 for on one occasion he left the Abbey in the time of 

 divine service and joined a parcel of boys for the pur- 

 pose of insulting the Quakers at their devotions ; and 

 on another, gave in to his master an exercise in Latin 

 verse, every syllable of which he had stolen from Du- 

 port, and imposed upon the unsuspecting Doctor. He 

 continued to court the muses, and at this time wrote a 

 translation in blank verse of a part of Virgil's Georgics., 

 which is not at all discreditable to his powers. He was 

 also permitted to go sometimes to the theatre, where he 

 had an opportunity of seeing Garrick, and of cultiva- 

 ting that taste for the drama with which his mother had 

 first inspired him. 



After spending two years at Westminster, he was ad- 

 mitted at Trinity College, Cambridge, where, though 

 at first he had the misfortune to be put under the care 

 of unfaithful tutors, and had nobody almost to di- 

 rect and counsel him, he led a very regular and studi- 

 ous life; read poets, historians, philosophers, every 

 thing that came in his way, with indiscriminating av> - 

 dity ; composed a little in English, but declaimed a 

 great deal in Latin, of which language, in all its varie- 

 ties, he was anxious to make himself completely master ; 

 mortified his body and endangered his health, that he 

 might improve his mind ; allowed himself only six hours 

 sleep, and lived almost entirely on milk, while he gave 

 himself to the study of mechanics, hydrostatics, optics, 

 and astronomy, and those other branches of physical, 

 science, a profound knowledge of which was uecessa— 



land, 

 Richard. 



