C Y D 



534 



C Y P 



CYATHODES, a genus of plants of the class Pen- 

 tandria, and order Monogynia. See Brown's Prodro- 

 mus Plant. Nov. Holl. ct Ins. Fan. Diem. p. 537 ; and 

 Botany, p. 174. 



CYAXARES. See Media. 



CYBELE. See Mythology. 



CYCAS, a genus of plants of the class Dicecia, and 

 older Polyandria. See Botany, p. 338. 



CYCLAMEN, a genus of plants of the class Pentan- 

 dria, and order Monogynia. See Botany, p. 136. 



CYCLE. See Chronology. 



CYCLE, in Music, is a term used by Dr Robert 

 Smith, in his Harmonics, for certain determinate pe- 

 riods, or series of pulses or vibrations, excited in the air 

 by the consonance or sounding together of two musical 

 sounds. These cycles he distinguishes into four kinds, 

 (p. 56'. 2d edit.) viz. 1st, Simple cycles, generated when 

 the least or lowest terms of the ratios, expressing in- 



12 3 4 

 tervals, differ only by unity, as — , — , — , — , &c. 2d, 



A *J t? D 



Complex cycles, when these terms differ by more than 

 1 2 5 27 8 



1 ! , as 



&c. 3d, Short cycles, form- 



ed by the pulses of perfect consonances, or those whose 

 ratios are truly expressible, without using very large 



13 8 °0 

 numbers, as — , — j — , — -, &c. And, 4th, Long cy- 

 cles, of the pulses of imperfect unisons, or other conso- 

 nances, which are not expressible but by very high or 



292 2977 &c 

 large numbers, as ■ gQQ ' ' to 49 places of figures, 



which answers to m, the least known interval. See our 

 Table in Plate XXX. Vol. II. 



The complex long cycles of imperfect unisons, may 

 be ever so long, infinite, or impossible, and yet the in- 

 determinate periods of their pulses, which excite the 

 determinate sensation of these imperfect unisons, will 

 h;we each a finite or determinate limit, to which they 

 approach, p 101 ; and hence Dr Smith imagines, that 

 the identity of the tone of imperfect unisons, when held 

 out or sounded together sufficiently long upon an or- 

 gan, may be accounted for, p. 102. And hence the 

 difficulty, or uncertainty, in transferring unisons from 

 a monochord to a piano- forte," or from a standard pipe 

 to an organ, with the requisite accuracy. (^) 



CYCLOID. See Epicv cloid, Mechanics, and Pen- 

 dulum. 



CYDER is the name of a fermented liquor, which is 

 made in England in great quantities from the express- 

 ed juice of apples. After the apples are gathered from 

 the trees, they are ground into what is called pommage, 

 either by means of a common pressing stone, with a 

 circular trough, or by a cyder mill, which is either 

 driven by the hand, or by horse-power. When the 

 pulp is thus reduced to a great degree of fineness, it 

 is conveyed to the cyder press, where it is formed by 

 pressure into a kind of cake, which is called the cheese. 

 This is effected by placing clean sweet straw, or hair- 

 cloths, between the layers of pommage, till there is a 

 pile of ten or twelve layers. This pile is then subject- 

 ed to different degrees of pressure in succession, till 

 all the '»ust, or juice, is squeezed from the pommage. 

 This juice, after being strained in a coarse hair sieve, 

 is then put either into open vats or close casks, and 

 the pressed pulp is either thrown away, or made to 

 yield a weak liquor called washings. 



After the liquor has undergone the proper fermenta- 

 tion in these close vessels, which may be best effected 



in a temperature of from 40° to 50° of Fahrenheit, and 

 which may be known by its appearing tolerably clear, 

 and having a vinous sharpness upon the tongue, any 

 farther fermentation must be stopped by racking off 

 the pure part into open vessels, exposed for a day or 

 two in a cool situation. After this, the liquor must 

 again be put into casks, and kept in a cool place du- 

 ring the winter. The proper time for racking may al- 

 ways be known by the brightness of the liquor, the 

 discharge of the fixed ah, and the appearance of a thick 

 crust formed of fragments of the reduced pulp. Mr 

 Knight is of opinion, that the liquor should always be 

 racked off anew, as often as a hissing noise is heard. 



When a favourable vinous fermentation has been ob- 

 tained, nothing more is required than to fill up the 

 vessels every two or three weeks, to supply the waste 

 by fermentation. On the beginning of March, the li- 

 quor will be bright and pure, and fit for final rack- 

 ing, which should be done in fair weather. When the 

 bottles are filled, they should be set by uncorked till 

 the morning, when the corks must be driven in tight- 

 ly, secured by wire or twine and melted rosin, or any 

 similar substance. Such of our readers as wish for 

 more copious details respecting the process of cyder- 

 making, will find abundance of information in the agri- 

 cultural surveys of the English counties, where cyder 

 is made in great quantities. See particularly Vancou- 

 ver's Survey of Devonshire ; Rudge's Agricultural Sur- 

 vey of Gloucestershire ; and Duncomb's General Viefo 

 of the Agriculture of the County of Hereford, (j) 



CYDONIA, a genus of plants of the class Icosan- 

 dria, and order Monogynia. See Botany, p. 233. 



CYGNUS. See Astronomy, vol. ii. p. 755. 



CYLINDER. See Geometry. 



CYLINDER BORING. See Boring Machine. 



CYLISTA, a genus of plants of the class Diadelphia^ 

 and order Decandria. See Botany, p. 281. 



CYMA, Cymatium, or Cima. See Civil Architect 

 ture, Vol. VI. p. 599. 



CYMBASIA, a genus of plants of the class Didyna- 

 mia, and order Angiospermia. See Botany, p. 255. 



CYMBIDIUM, a genus of plants of the class Gy- 

 nandria, and order Diandria. See Botany, p. 314. 



CYNANCHUM, a genus of plants of the class Pen- 

 tandria, and order Digynia. See Botany, p. 157. 



CYNARA, a genus of plants of the class Syngene- 

 sia, and order Polygamia jEqualis. See Botany, p. 293. 



CYNICS. See Antisthenes and Diogenes. 



CYNODON, a genus of plants of the class Trian- 

 dria, and order Digynia. See Botany, p. 115. 



CYNOGLOSSUM, a genus of plants of the class 

 Pentandria, and order Monogynia. See Botany, p. 

 135. 



CYNOMETRA, a genus of plants of the class De- 

 candria, and order Monogynia. See Botany, p. 210. 



CYNOMORIUM, a genus of plants of the class Mo- 

 ncecia, and order Monandria. See Botany, p. 320. 



CYNOSIUM, a genus of plants of the class Triandria, 

 and order Digynia. See Botany, p. 109. 



CYPERUS, a genus of plants of the class Triandria, 

 and order Monogynia. See Botany, p. 98. 



CYPHIA, a genus of plants of the class Pentandria, 

 and order Monogynia. See Botany, p. 115. 



CYPR^EA. See Conchology, p. 83. 



CYPRINUS. See Ichthyology. 



CYPRIPEDIUM, a genus of plants of the class Gy- 

 nandria, and order Diandria. See Botany, p. 316. 



CYPRUS, a large island in the Levant, and situated 

 in north latitude 35°, and east longitude 33°. It is abeut 



