ess 



DENMAR K. 



HUtory. impracticable, and therefore breaking up his encamp- 

 <■— — v— -' ment, he proceeded to lay siege to Helsingburgh. This 

 Battle of brought on the battle of Lundin, which, though not de- 

 J.uiidiD." cisive in its actual and immediate consequences, ulti- 

 mately proved advantageous to the Swedes, by enabling 

 them to relieve Mabno. In the mean time, negotiations 

 •were going on at \~jmeguen for a general peace, and 

 the Danish and Swedish ambassadors attended the con- 

 gress there; but while the other European powers 

 seemed disposed to reconcile their differences, Sweden 

 and Denmark made such unfair and exorbitant claims 

 on each other, and betrayed such a great degree of mu- 

 tual jealousy and suspicion, that preparations were soon 

 made for prosecuting the war between them with re- 

 newed vigour. The Danes resolved to make another 

 attempt to gain possession of Malmo ; but owing to the 

 accidental breaking down of the draw-bridge, just as 

 they hoped to attain their object, they were repulsed 

 and compelled to raise the siege. By sea, the King of 

 Naval Denmark was more successful. A Swedish fleet lay at 



iMttlea. Gottenburgh, which the Danish admiral attacked with 

 great fury, and with such success, that six of the Swe- 

 dish ships were taken. The Swedes eagerly sought an 

 opportunity to wipe away this disgrace ; and learning 

 that the same Danish admiral was lying near the isle of 

 Mona, it was resolved to attack him with greatly su- 

 perior numbers, under the command of some of the best 

 officers in the Swedish navy. In this battle, the Danish 

 admiral made up, by his skilful manoeuvres, for his in- 

 feriority in respect to numbers. He broke the line of 

 the enemy, and threw them into such confusion that 

 they were not able to fight to any advantage. The 

 consequence was, that seven of their ships were taken 

 or destroyed. Nearly at the same time the Danish and 

 Swedish armies met, each commanded by its king. 

 The Swedish army was nearly double that of Denmark ; 

 but Christian was not dispirited ; he fought with the 

 utmost bravery, and his example was followed by his 

 whole army ; so that the only advantage which the 

 Swedes gained was that of keeping the field, the Danes 

 retreating to their camp in good order. In Norway 

 the war was prosecuted with great vigour, and with 

 various success, though on the Avhole the Danes gained 

 more brilliant, as well as more substantial, advantages 

 than their opponents. In Pomerania they were not so 

 successful. After Count Konigsmark had been com- 

 pelled to abandon Rugen, he retired with his army 

 to the neighbourhood of Stralsund : here he meditated 

 the reconquest of the isle, and for this purpose request- 

 ed and obtained the assistance of the burghers of Stral- 

 sund. The Danish governor, not supposing that Ko- 

 nigsmark was in a condition to act on the offensive, was 

 careless and unguarded, and did not even dispute his 

 landing on the island : as soon as he was landed, he 

 marehed against the Danish army, -which was encamp- 

 ed at a distance from the shore. At the very com- 

 mencement of the battle, the Danish governor was 

 slain ; disputes arose among the inferior officers, subor- 

 dination was destroyed, confusion took place, and 

 though part of the Danish forces broke through the 

 left wing of the Swedes, they were compelled to retreat, 

 and 5000 men were made prisoners. While his general 

 was thus victorious in Pomerania, the Swedish monarch 

 was actively employed in besieging Christianstadt. 

 Christian marched to the relief of this place, at the head 

 of 12,000 men, but all his attempts were frustrated ; he 

 could not expect to succeed unless he defeated the 

 Swedes; and they, strongly intrenched, would riot 



quit their camp"; Christianstadt, therefore, was forced History, 

 to surrender in sight of the Danish army. *- ■ ■— <— "J 



As some compensation for the loss of this place, the Da- 

 nish admiral planned a descent on the isle of Rugen, and 

 succeeded in retaking it, and in reducing Stralsund and 

 some other places in Pomerania. Soon afterwards, the 

 negotiations at Nimeguen were resumed ; and Christian, 

 being forsaken by his allies the Dutch and the Elector 

 of Brandenburg, ordered his minister to sign a peace Peace con- 

 with Sweden, in the month of September 1679- By eluded, 

 this peace, the King of Sweden obtained all that he A. D. 1G79. 

 claimed before the war, and Christian was obliged to 

 submit to those terms which were dictated by France, 

 in consequence of the defection of his allies. Holstein 

 Gottorp was restored to its Duke ; and the treaties of 

 Roschild, Copenhagen, and Westphalia, were declared 

 in force between the courts of Denmark and Holstein. 

 While the negotiation was pending, Christian marched 

 a large army into the neighbourhood of Hamburgh, un- 

 der the pretence of disputing the passage of the Elbe 

 with the French general, who was advancing to sup- 

 port the Swedes. The people of Hamburgh were 

 alaVmed, and suspecting Christian's designs to be hos- 

 tile to them, they fortified their city. Christian, upon 

 this, avowed his purpose in a manifesto, in which he 

 laid claim to Hamburgh : and immediately laid siege to 

 it; but Louis the Fourteenth interfering, and the Duke 

 of Brunswick having sent a body of troops to defend 

 the city, a treaty was concluded, by which Christian 

 renounced his claims, on the payment of a certain sum 

 of money. In 1680, the hostility which had so long A. D. 1680, 

 existed between Sweden and Denmark, and which, 

 even during peace, had frequently manifested itself, by 

 mutual jealousy, was for a time suspended, by the mar- 

 riage of Eleonora, princess of Denmark, with his Swe- 

 dish majesty. Christian, still having views on the city 

 of Hamburgh, learned, with much satisfaction, that the 

 senate and the people were at variance, in consequence 

 of the latter having refused to pay the taxes laid on by 

 the former. The disputes ran so high, that all govern- 

 ment ceased ; and no opposition to Christian's schemes 

 seemed likely to arise. He therefore advanced with a 

 powerful army; but his presence and threats united 

 the senate and the people. His proposals were rejected, 

 Ins attacks repulsed, and he was obliged to desist from 

 his designs against this city. Few events of import- 

 ance occurred from this time till the death of Christian. 

 He took advantage of the expiration of the treaty of 

 commerce between Denmark and Holland, to raise the 

 Sound dues ; this was opposed by the Dutch, and 

 Christian was obliged to yield. In 1689, a treaty was 

 concluded at Altona, by which he consented to confirm 

 Duke Albert in possession of Sleswick and Holstein, 

 of both of which he had defrauded him some time be- 

 fore. In 1699 Christian died, in the 54th year of his Christian, 

 age, and 29th of his reign. 



Christian was succeeded by Frederic the Fourth. 

 This prince was tempted, by the extreme youth of 'y 

 Charles the Twelfth, King of Sweden, to commence t | le throne. 

 hostilities against that monarch ; but as he had no 

 direct ground for a war with Sweden, he renewed 

 his claims to Holstein, the duke of which had married 

 the sister of Charles the Twelfth. Accordingly he 

 invaded this province, and laid siege to Tonningen. 

 Charles lost no time in assisting his relation ; he sent 

 S000 men into Holstein, and, at the same time, he 

 himself, at the head of 20,000 men, landed in Zea- 

 land, and laid siege to Copenhagen. The inhabitants, 



A. D. 1699. 

 Frederic 



