1836.] a new Fossil Genus of the Sivdlik range. 45 



and it is even not improbable that it came from the same individual with 

 the head described. It consists of the hind portion of the right jaw, broken 

 off at the anterior third of the last molar. The coronoid apophysis, the 

 condyle, with the corresponding part of the ramus, and a portion of the 

 angle are also removed. The two posterior thirds only, of the last molar 

 remain ; the grinding surface partly mutilated, but sufficiently distinct to 

 show the crescentic plates of enamel, and prove that the tooth belonged to 

 a ruminant. The outline of the jaw in vertical section, is a compressed 

 ellipse, and the outer surface more convex than the inner. The bone 

 thins off, on the inner side towards the angle of the jaw, into a large and 

 well marked muscular hollow : and running up from the latter, upon the 

 ramus towards the foramen of the artery, there is a well defined furrow, as 

 in the Ruminantia. The surface of the tooth is covered with very small 

 rugosities, and striae, as in the upper molars of the head. It had been 

 composed of three semi-cylinders, as is normal in the family, and the 

 advanced state of its wearing proves the animal from which it proceeded 

 to have been more than adult. 



The form and relative proportions of the jaw agree very closely with 

 those of the corresponding parts of a buffalo. The dimensions compared 

 with those of the buffalo and camel are thus : 



Sivatherium. Buffalo. Camel. 



Depth of the jaw from the alveolus last molar 4.95 inch. 2.65 inch. 2.70 inch. 



Greatest thickness of do 2.3 1.05 1.4 



Width of middle of last molar, 1.35 0.64 0.76 



length of posterior fd of do 2.15 0.95 1.15 



No known ruminant, fossil or existing, has a jaw of such large size ; 

 the average dimensions above given being more than double those of a 

 Buffalo, which measured in length of head 19.2 inches (.489 metres) ; and 

 exceeding those of the corresponding parts of the rhinoceros. We have 

 therefore no hesitation in referring the fragment to the Sivatherium 

 Giganteum. 



The above comprises all that we know regarding the osteology of the 

 head from an actual examination of the parts. We have not been so for- 

 tunate hitherto, as to meet with any other remain, comprising the anterior 

 part of the muzzle either of the upper or lower jaw*. We shall now pro- 

 ceed to deduce the form of the deficient parts, and the structure of the 

 head generally, to the extent that may be legitimately inferred, from the 

 data of which we are in possession. 



Notwithstanding the singularly perfect condition of the head, for an 

 organic remain of such enormous size, we cannot but regret the mutilation 

 at the muzzle and vertex, as it throws a doubt upon some very interesting 

 points of structure in the Sivatherium : 1 st, the presence or absence of 

 incisive and canine teeth in the upper jaw, and their number and character 

 if present ; 2nd, the number and extent of the bones which enter into the 

 basis of the external nostrils; and 3rd, the presence or absence of two 

 horns on the vertex, besides the two intra-orbital ones. 



* In a note received from Captain Cautley while this paper is in the press, that 

 gentleman mentions the discovery of a portion of the skeleton of a Sivatherium in 

 another part of the hills: See Journal As. Soc. Vol. IV. " During my recent trip 

 to the Siwdliks near the Pinjdr valley, the field of Messrs. Baker and Durand's 

 labours, I regretted much my inability to obtain the dimensions of one of the most 

 superb fossils I suppose that ever was found. It was unfortunately discovered and 

 excavated by a party of work people employed by a gentleman with whom 1 was 

 unacquainted; and although I saw the fossil when in the rock, I was prevented from 

 getting the measurements afterwards. This specimen appeared to consist of the 

 femur and tibia, with the tarsal, metatarsal, and phalanges of our Sivatherium." It 

 is much to be regretted that such an opportunity should have been lost of adding to 

 the information already acquired of this new and gigantic Ruminant. — Sec, 



