1836.] a new Fossil Genus of the Sivdlik range. 49 



Ruminantia, such as the Camelidae, where the anterior molars are msym- 

 metrical with the others, and separated from them by being placed in the 

 middle of the diasteme, this ratio does not hold ; the space from the first 

 molar to the margin of the incisives being less than the line of molars. In 

 the Sivatherium, the molars are in a contiguous series, and if on this ana- 

 logy we deduce the length of the muzzle, we get nearly 10 inches for the 

 space from the first molar to the point of the incisives ; and 28.85 inches 

 fur the whole length of the head, from the border of the occipital foramen 

 to the margin of the incisives; these dimensions may be a little excessive, 

 but we believe them not to be far out, as the muzzle would still be short 

 for the width of the face, in a ruminant. 



The orbits next come to be considered. The size and position of the 

 eye form a distinguishing feature between the Ruminantia and the Pachy- 

 dermata. In the former, it is large and full, in the latter, smaller and sunk- 

 en ; and the expression of the face is more heavy in consequence. In the 

 Sivatherium the orbit is considerably smaller in proportion to the size of 

 the head than in existing ruminants. It is also placed more forward in the 

 face, and lower under the level of the brow. The rim is not raised and 

 prominent, as in the Ruminantia, and the plane of it is oblique : the inter- 

 val between the orbits at their upper margin being 12.2 inches, and at the 

 lower, 16.2 inches. The longitudinal diameter exceeds the vertical in the 

 ratio of 5 to & nearly, the long axis being nearly in a line from the naso- 

 maxillary sinus across the hind limb of the zygomatic circle. From the 

 above we infer that the eye was smaller and less prominent than in ex- 

 isting ruminants : and that the expression of the face was heavier and 

 more ignoble, although less so than in the Pachydermata, excepting the 

 horse ; also that the direction of vision was considerably forwards, as well 

 as lateral, and that it was cut off towards the rear. 



This closes what we have been led to infer regarding the organs of the 

 head. With respect to the rest of the skeleton, we have nothing to offer, 

 as we are not at present possessed of any other remains which we can with 

 certainty refer to the Sivatherium*. Among a quantity of bonest collected 

 from the same neighbourhood with the head fossil, there are three singu- 

 larly perfect specimens of the lower portions of the extremities of a lax*ge 

 ruminant, belonging to three legs of one individual. They greatly ex- 

 ceed the size of any known ruminant, and excepting the Sivatherium 

 Giganteum, there is no other ascertained animal of the order, in our col- 

 lection, of proportionate size to them. We forbear from further noticing 

 them at present, as they appear small in comparison for our fossil : and 

 besides, there are indications in our collection, in teeth and other remains, 

 of other large ruminants, different from the one we have described. 



The form of the vertebras, and more especially of the carpi and tarsi, 

 are points of great interest, to be ascertained; as we may expect modifi- 

 cations of the usual type adapted to the large size of the animal. From 

 its bulk and armed head, few animals could be strong enough to contend 

 with it, and we may expect that its extremities were constructed moi-e to 

 give support, than for rapidity of motion. But, in the rich harvest which 

 we still hope to reap in the valleys of the Markanda, it is probable that 

 specimens to illustrate the greater part of the osteology of the Sivatherium 

 will at no very distant period be found. 



* See Note to page 17. — Sec. 



f We note here a very perfect cervical vertebrae of a Ruminant in our possession, 

 which must have belonged to an animal of proportions equal to that of the Sivathe- 

 rium, but from certain characters, we are inclined to suspect that it is allied to some 

 other gigantic species of Ruminant, of the existence of which we have already 

 tolerable certainty. Of the existence of the Elk, and a species of Camelidae, Lieut. 

 Baker of the Engineers has shewn us ample proof. 

 H 



