1836.] the Country between Hyderabad and Ndgpur. 113 



the layers, from a deficiency of lime ; in other places, it projects three 

 or four feet, in consequence of the soft soil being washed away. In one 

 of the specimens, numerous recent shells are imbedded, which corre- 

 spond in situation to a layer of these left in the sand by the last fall of 

 the river ; and it is evident, that the tuffa is formed from the infiltra- 

 tion of the lime with which the black soil and the water of the river 

 abound, into layers of sand. In all these rivers, and in the stream of 

 Bibbery and others running into the Godavery above Badrachellam, 

 beds of limestone conglomerate, cementing agates and calcedonies, are 

 continually forming. 



The country between the Payngunga and Kair has at all seaso?is 

 many springs and streams of pure water ; which give a lively and 

 beautiful green to the vegetation, when the surrounding country is 

 burned up by the scorching heats of May*. The first of these streams 

 is at Lingtee, the water of which is loaded with lime, which it depo- 

 sits on its bed in a thick incrustation of tuff. Loose pieces of branches, 

 petrified by lime, were found on the banks, and a wall of kankar six 

 feet high in contact with No. 95, seemed to have been formed from a 

 spring which had gushed from a fissure in the blue limestone, which is 

 here the surface rock, and rests on a reddish, very friable slate clay, as 

 is seen in a section a mile further down the stream. The black flint, 

 No. 96, resembling anthracite, was found higher up. This stream, 

 which, in the driest weather, has sufficient water to drive a mill, is said 

 to have its source about six miles distant in a low range of hills, over 

 which the road passes more to the east, a little to the north of Ur- 

 juna, and three and a half miles from Lingtee. At this village, a 

 small stream takes its rise in a hot spring, whose temperature, as it 

 gushes from beneath the wall of a half ruined reservoir was, in Decem- 

 ber, 1833, almost 87°. Copious springs also rise in the bed of the 

 little stream ; and globules of gas are extricated from round holes in 

 the mud ; but on endeavouring to collect a quantity, it was found that 

 there were considerable and irregular intervals between each jet of air, 

 nor did it always issue from the same place. The springs rise through 

 the blue limestone so often mentioned, which, in a section in the north 

 bank, is seen to have been raised by some violent forces, in a very 

 singular manner, so as to form a series of irregular piked gothic arches, 

 overlaid by partially broken but horizontal strata. The spaces within 

 the arches are filled with fragments of the same rock, all evidently 

 forced from below. The bed of the stream has a covering of sand, 



* The same was observed of the beautiful stream at Bibbery, in the month of 

 May, 1 828, and inclines me to think, that it derives its source in springs like 

 those of Kair, to be presently described. It rises in the Nirmul range. 



