1 836.] and the ancient province of Taxila. 471 



12. Square buildings attached to many of the Cupolas. 



13. Tombs. 



14. Mound from which were extracted many medals of copper and of caracoly 

 (a compound of gold, silver, and copper.) 



PL XX. represents what M. Court denominates a " symbole," also 

 found among the extensive ruins of this curious place. We do not find 

 it particularly described, but, from the general appearance of the sculp- 

 ture it may be regarded either as a Buddhist or a Mithraic monument — 

 probably the frame of some picture or shrine of a temple : and it is 

 peculiarly interesting from the collection of symbols in the upper 

 horizontal line, almost all of which can be recognized as belonging to 

 the series of ancient coins about which so much has been written. 

 The jar, the sivastica, the sun, the altar, and especially the penultimate 

 object on the right hand, which is common on the Kadphises coins. 



All the country commanded by the elevated summit of Manikydla 

 is much raised above the plain of the Panjab. It appears to have 

 been anciently a vast plateau, that in the course of ages, from the 

 gradual action of periodical rains combined with occasional earth- 

 quakes, has been cut into deep ravines now difficult to traverse, which 

 make it look like a heap of ruins. It is covered with villages, the 

 inhabitants of which raise a thin and precarious crop on its very poor 

 soil. The neighbourhood of the mountains is covered with a thorny 

 and leafless jungle. 



The whole district is called Potwdr ; it was formerly very populous, 

 as at least testify the numerous ruins of old habitations. The villages 

 are said to have run into one another, forming a continuous line for 

 1 6 kos from Manikydla to Tammidk. The mulberry and other fruit 

 trees used to thrive in its gardens. 



The ruins of Ramma are at 13 kos S. S. W. from Manikydla : they 

 are attributed to Sita Rami (?) Those of Parvala, traced to the time 

 of the Pandavas, are on the north at 12 kos. At the latter place, in 

 the gate of an old castle, is an inscription in an unknown character. 

 Traces of a very ancient town, Dangeli, are met with 1 4 kos towards 

 the east : the inhabitants ascribe its origin to the Diws. It flourished 

 under the Ghiker sovereigns, who resided there. Makkyala near 

 Kattas, Benda and Pakhi were also Ghiker towns. The modern town 

 of Be'gram is five kos lower down than Dangeli. It is now inhabited 

 by Chandra-vansis, who are descended from the former rajas of the 

 country. 



In the neighbourhood of Jelim (a modern town of the Peruzan 

 zemindars) are the extensive ruins of another castle perched on the 

 top of an artificial mound, where very old Hindu medals are found. 



