1836.] and the ancient province of Taxila. 481 



The province of the Yusufzais is divided into eleven tappas — viz : 



Principal Towns. 



m . f Sedu-zais, Hound. 



P" ** " \ Otuman-zais, Toppi. 



fKeder-zais, Khiva. 



I Mamu-zais, Nohde'h. 



Five tappas, Rezers . . ^ Malek-zais, Yar-hosein. 



[ Akukhels, Ismaila. 



(_Mani-zais, Toulandi. 



Two tappas, Amazais. < p, , " . ' > Kapurdigarbi, 



I J_Jauci-zais, 



m t^ i • f Kamal-zais, Ottf. 



Two tappas,Kamalzais. j Kamal . zais> Turu> 



All these districts are governed by independent chiefs, who live in 

 the greatest dissension. There are no taxes established, and each in- 

 habitant rents, cultivates, and reaps the produce of his grounds, paying 

 only a small sum as tribute to the chief of the district. It is only 

 since 1822 that the Maharaja of Lahore succeeded by the force of arms 

 in levying five rupees on every house and a certain number of horses, 

 with which they are obliged to furnish him annually. The tribe of 

 the Yusufzais is one of the most powerful in Afghanistan. It has 

 always been remarkable for the independence it has preserved, and for 

 some time it resisted the attacks of the Mogul kings, and even Nadir 

 Shah himself, who never thoroughly succeeded in subjugating it. The 

 people of this tribe are vigorous, active, turbulent, and have given 

 proofs of extraordinary courage in the wars which they have had to 

 sustain against the Sikhs. When public danger is threatened, all the 

 districts suspend their own quarrels, and gather together to make 

 common resistance. Each one provides himself with weapons at his 

 own expense, and volunteers as a soldier under the banner of his chief. 

 This soil is extremely fertile in every kind of grain, yielding a plen- 

 tiful harvest of maize, beans, peas, cotton, oil seeds, and excellent 

 tobacco. The mountains towards the north afford excellent pasture 

 for all kinds of cattle. The province contains no town, properly so 

 called, but it is embellished by large and populous villages : the prin- 

 cipal one amongst them is Kapardigarhi, standing in the midst of the 

 ruins of a very ancient town, which might very possibly be the Caspa- 

 tyrus of the Greeks, the capital of the Gandari, whom our geogra- 

 phers place to the east of the Assaceni on the western bank of the 

 Indus. Quite close to this village I observed a rock on which there are 

 inscriptions almost effaced by time, and out of which 1 could only 

 decipher the following characters. (See Inscription 5, of Plate XXVII.) 

 Further off, on the opposite side of the mountain of Koh-ganga, are 

 3 R 



