1893.] 



H. EL Risley — Prolegomena Anthropologica. 



97 



infant combined with the jaws of an ox. So also the inter-maxillary 

 hone disappears earlier in the human embryo than is the case with 

 monkeys. It follows from all this that continued development can 

 never turn a monkey into a man, for the evolution of the two types 

 goes on in different directions, and the degree of divergence would 

 therefore tend constantly to increase. In some of the lowest monkeys, 

 whose development has been arrested, as is the case with the marmoset 

 of Eastern Brazil, the brain-case approaches the human type more closely 

 than that of the anthropoid apes.^ It is therefore a vulgar error to sup- 

 pose that the evolution hypothesis traces the descent of man to one of 

 the four higher varieties of apes. Neither Darwin nor any of his 

 followers have ever said anything of the kind, but have always main- 

 tained that the ancestors of the human race must have diverged from 

 some long extinct variety of the catarrhine group in the early part of 

 the tertiary epoch. In order to verify this hypothesis intermediate 

 forms must be discovered connecting the eocene apes with the men of 

 the present day. The chain of structural modification will then be 

 complete. This missing link, however, will probably be found, not in 

 Europe, which man seems first to have entered after his present stage of 

 organization had been reached, but in Asia or Equatorial Africa, regions 

 more likely prima facie to have been the cradle of the human race. 



We have spoken thus far only of physical characters, which entitle 

 man merely to rank in the animal kingdom as a sub-order of the Pri- 

 mates. These are what determine his place from the scientific point of 

 view, which is all that we are now concerned with. In the later pajnerg 

 we hope to deal with some of the higher distinctions between men and 

 animals. 



In illustration of the different phases through which the question 

 has passed the most notable classifications of men and monkeys are 

 shown below. 



Order of Primates. 

 Linnseus — 1 735. 



fEerus, (savage) 

 Americanus 



I Eiiropseus 

 C Species sapiens -{ Asiaticus 

 \ | Asser (negro) 



1 l^Monstruosus (abnormal) 



\Species sylvestris or troglodytes : Orang, etc. 



2nd genus. Simia. 

 3rd genus. Lemurs. 

 4th genus. Vespertilio, 



* Virchow, Menschen und Affenschadel, p. 25. 



1st genus. Homo 



