22 Memorandum on the Survey of Kashmir. [No. 1, 



under the immediate inspection and guidance of Colonel Waugh ; and 

 the drawing and printing which will bear close examination is due to Mr. 

 Scott and Sheikh Gholam Kadar, native draftsman, the hills in brush 

 work (Indian ink) being copied from the original plane table sheets 

 or sections executed on the ground by the officers of the Survey. 

 The skeleton chart of triangles shews the basis of the work on which 

 the topographical map has been compiled, and is interesting as illus- 

 trating the rigorous and minute method with which every thing is 

 conducted in the Department. 



Captain Montgomerie in his report gives the following description 

 of the country under survey. 



"Kashmir is a large valley lying between two snowy spurs of the 

 great Himala} r an range drained by the ' Vedasta' or ' Jhelum' river 

 which with its tributaries is navigable by large boats for about ninety 

 miles. The greatest length of the valley from ridge to ridge measured 

 from south-east to north-west, which is also the direction of the 

 drainage, is about one hundred and eighteen miles. The flat portion 

 is about eighty-nine miles long with an average breadth of sixteen 

 and three quarter miles, and elevated about 5,200 feet above the sea. 



" The flat ground consists of an upper, lower and level, the former 

 separated from the latter by cliffs of clay, coloured with burnt sienna, 

 called ' kharewah' by the Kashmiris and forming a distinguishing 

 feature on the map, some 200 to 300 feet in height. 



" The upper or table land is often found standing in isolated 

 masses,* but is generally connected with the foot of the hills. Most 

 of the upper level was formerly irrigated, but is now generally fallow 

 and dry. 



" The lower level is subject to inundation, and indeed the portion 

 between the city and great lake, still forms one vast marsh, but 

 vaguely separated from the lake itself. 



" The slopes of the hills between the flat ground and the limit of 

 forest are a mixture of cultivation, good grazing grounds and forests 

 of cedars, pines, firs, &c. ; the forests preponderating. 



" The number of lakes in the valley, and of tarns in the mountains 

 form a distinctive feature in Himalayan Geography, as they are but 

 rarely met with on the Hindustan side of the Himalayan range." 

 * Several miles in length and breadth. 



