26 Memorandum on the Survey of Kashmir. [No. 1, 



" From these minor series, secondary stations have been fixed, so as 

 to cover the whole country with tested trigonometrical points. 



" Though the country to be surveyed was so elevated, the rigorous 

 rules of the G. T. Survey of India were adhered to throughout. 



" The highest points suited to the triangulation were always 

 occupied and observations were taken from stations upwards of 16,000 

 feet above the sea. 



" On the principal series of triangles the observations were invari- 

 ably made to luminous signals, viz. Heliotropes and Reverberatory 

 lamps on the Argand principle with parabolic reflectors, notwithstand- 

 ing the physical difficulties and the severity of the climate on the 

 snowy peaks, so especially trying to the natives of India who served 

 the signals. 



" Numerous observations being required, it was necessary to reside 

 on the peaks for at least two days and nights, generally more. 



" Some of the peaks below 14,000 feet lose the greater part of 

 their snow by September, but practically it was necessary to observe 

 most of the stations earlier in the season, when the snow was still 

 heavy at 11,000 feet, and occasionally in consequence of clouds and 

 storms, the party had to remain pitched on the snow for upwards of a 

 week at a time." 



Colonel Waugh thus speaks on this point : — 



" The physical difficulties imposed by the nature of the country 

 and survey arising from the necessity of ascending and encamping 

 on snowy mountains of great elevation were very great. The cha- 

 racter of a Trigonometrical survey demands that the stations shall 

 be fixed on the highest summits, or on points commanding extensive 

 views and the system of the department, requires that an adequate 

 number of good observations shall be taken, which usually occupies 

 several days. To accomplish this task, not only the observers, but 

 the signal men (natives) must encamp at or near the stations. The 

 heights of the snowy peaks, ascertained on the Punjal range were 

 « Moolee' 14,952 G-. T. Survey and Ahertatopa 13,042 G. T. Survey 

 and to the north of Kashmir Hara Mook 16,015 feet. Amongst the 

 highest elevations visited in Thibet were the principal stations of 

 Shimshak 18,417 and Shunika 18,224 feet. The difficulty of obtain- 

 ing supplies and firewood at such elevations may be imagined, yet 



