I860.] Memorandum on the Survey of Kashmir. 27 



they were every-day occurrences. Out of sixteen principal stations 

 in Thibet fourteen exceed 15,000 feet in height. Great as the hard- 

 ships entailed on the European officers undoubtedly were, they were 

 slight compared with those endured by the native establishment, 

 with the utmost cheerfulness. The signallers and headmen were 

 mostly natives of Hindustan to whom extreme cold is a condition of 

 positive suffering, yet these men were loyal and contented as they 

 have been in all survey parties over India during the mutiny." 



Capt. Montgomerie states " On the Pir Punjal peaks the electricity 

 was so troublesome even when there was no storm, that it was found 

 necessaiy to carry a portable lightning conductor for the protection 

 of the Theodolite. 



" Space sufficient even for the very small camp could never be got 

 quite close to the stations on the peaks. During the day this did 

 not matter, but at night, though the distance might not be more 

 than two hundred yards, it was rather a difficult matter to get back 

 from the Observatory tent after the Surveyor had finished taking 

 observations to the lamps. Soon after sunset, the surface of the 

 snow becomes as slippery as glass, affording by no means a satis- 

 factory footing on a narrow ridge with either a precipitous slope, or 

 a precipice on either side. 



" The country was found too difficult to admit of the transport of 

 a twenty-four inch theodolite without great delay and expense. Capt. 

 Montgomerie was therefore directed to take the principal observa- 

 tions with a fourteen-incli theodolite, a first rate instrument made by 

 Troughton and Simms which gave every satisfaction. 



" On the Secondary Series or Minor Triangulation, the ground cover- 

 ed by which is shewn by shade on the chart, twelve, eight and seven- 

 inch Theodolites were used, according to circumstances. 



" By means of the principal and secondary triangulations the whole 

 country was covered with Trigonometrical points at an average dis- 

 tance of little more than four miles from each other." 



During the first two seasons of the Kashmir Series, no less than six- 

 teenthousand square miles of close triangulation have been executed, i. e. 

 an area of more than half of Scotland has been covered with trigo- 

 nometrical points and thirty-two thousand square miles of topogra- 

 phical drawing were sent in, giving all the details of the country. 



E 2 



