220 The tenth Boole of the Sahitya Darpana. [No. 3, 



Oh what a noble mind was hero o'erthrown ! 



The courtier's, scholar's, soldier's, eye, tongue, sword ; 



The expectancy and rose of the fair state, 



The glass of fashion and the mould of form ! (Rupalca.) 



Atis'ayoTcti, I fear, is but seldom used by our severer western taste, 

 but we have it exemplified in the following line of W. S. Landor. 



That rose through which you breathe — come bring that rose. 



In Persian poetry, it is common enough, as in the following line 

 of Hafiz : 



" I am the slave of the drunken narcissus of that tall cypress." 



The following is a brief outline of the Sahitya Darpana's account 

 of these figures. 



Upamd is defined as " the expressed resemblance [and not implied, 

 as in Hupaka] of two things in one sentence, without the mention of 

 any dissimilar attribute." 



TJtpreTcshd is " the hypothetical conceiving of the original subject 

 under the form of something else." Its hypothetical character must 

 always be shown by the employment of such phrases as " methinks," 

 " as it were," &c, as otherwise it would merge into Hupaka ; except 

 when we are describing only a cause or result, as in the bines of the 

 Raghuvans'a, " the arrow shot by Rama, having pierced Ravana's 

 heart, flew on and entered the ground as if to bear tbe news to the 

 lower world." This would still be an instance of JJtprekshd, even if 

 " as if" were omitted. 



RilpaTca is " the superimposition of a conceived form over the 

 original subject." 



For Atis'ayoTcti, I subjoin a literal translation of the chapter where 

 this figure is described ; its reach, however, as mil be seen, extends 

 much wider than the single case, for which I have used it above. 

 Additions to the text, by way of explanation, are given in brackets. 



" Sutra 693. Atis'ayoTcti [or hyperbole] is applied when the intro- 

 susceptive energy is actually completed [and not merely threatened 

 as impending.] 



Adhyavasdya [the introsusceptive energy,] is found where the idea 

 is produced of the identity of the object and the subject, from the 

 latter's being swallowed up in the former. In UtptreTcshd this was 



