338 Is the Pushto a Semitic Langtiage ? [No. 4. 



exemplification ; but compare Sanskrit vrJca with the Persian <S^ 

 (wolf); Latin vespa (wasp) with the French guepe ; Persian fjX 

 (garrn) with German warm ; vesper = "Welsh gosper ; and all the 

 Spanish names beginning with guada from the Arabic cJ^Lj " a river." 

 — But it is curious that both the Greek and the English variations 

 of the same word should have their representatives in Pushto : the 

 Northern dialect has hagge, the Southern oe. So, in the same manner 

 as the German weide is to the English willow, so is the Persian c^i 

 to Pushto &)j (loula). The Pushto is extremely fond of changing 

 d into I. In the European languages this change of tl e dental into 

 I is not common, if the Spanish perhaps be excepted, which gets, for 

 instance, the Madril-eTios from Madrid, and evidently manufactured 

 the name Isabel from El-izabeth, not unlikely mistaking the initial 

 El for an article. The Latin shews a few words with that tendency ; 

 the connection between the English tear and the Latin lacryma would 

 be difficult to demonstrate but for the Gothic tagrs = Greek Sdicpv 

 (SaKpv-fjLo) ; the connection between lingua and tongue can only be 

 through an intermediate dingua which is an antique Latin form. So 

 the Sanskrit madliu remains in Greek fii6v, German meth, English 

 mead, Polish miod etc. ; but in Latin it is mel. In the same way 

 the Sanskrit devri (husband's brother) retains the d sound in Greek, 

 Lithuanian, Livonian, Slavonic, Servian, Armenian, and Saxon, but 

 the Latin has levir, and the Pushto also leioir (jj-h-0 ; the nearest Per- 

 sian word seems to be 1 6 1 i> which is used for a brother in a wide sense. 

 (Comp. Bopp. Vergl. Gramm. 17). 



This change of the dental into I is so much the more remarkable 

 as the Zend has no I ; and it may serve to show the affinities of the 

 Pushto, to those who have no inclination to study the language, to 

 give a few instances of this preference of I over d or t. 

 Hindustani ^j-o Pushto ^jd (las) ten. 

 Persian c^«o „ ^-Jl (las) hand. 



*Jf_5-Jj> „ t^yJ (lewanse) mad. 



jiiJ „ j^J (plar) father. 



(•!<> „ pjJ (him) net. 



X&J& „ «»>jJ (lida) seen. 



&*>]& „ ,^-J (laman) skirt. 



(•j!<s „ £j) (laram) I have. 



