38 Godwin-Austen — On the Geology of [No. 1, 



Pankabari. The coal seam has exactly the flaky structure described by 

 Mr. Mallet. The crushing to which it has been exposed has apparently 

 altered its original and probably even thickness, both the upper and lower 

 surfaces being waved irregularly, so that it never retains the same thickness 

 for many yards together along the strike. I could not find time to follow 

 the ravine further, but, at the head of the valley, a full section of these beds 

 would be found along the low ridge connecting the Tanir Lampah with the 

 Misa Parbat ridge. The boulders and gravel consisted principally of (1) 

 the hard sandstone of a pale blue slaty colour, the darkest often speckled 

 with minute grains of quartz (?) ; (2) a few of the soft Tertiary sandstones, 

 but these apparently soon get ground away ; (3) a very hard lighter coloured 

 rock of the Damuda Series; (4) some hard conglomerate ; and (5) a few of 

 gneiss from the ridge on the north side of this valley, on which is the little 

 hamlet of Dapu. 



I am inclined to think there is unconformity between this Damuda 

 series and the sandstones, but the crushing is great and renders it very 

 difficult to make out clearly ; exposed sections being so very scarce. There 

 cannot, however, be here a greater thickness of Damudas than 1000 feet in 

 the area intervening between" the sandstones and the quartzites and gneiss. 

 Overlying the denuded outcrop of the Damudas, in this lateral valley, is 

 a mass of sandy clay and large sub-angular blocks (some 15 feet long) of 

 the harder strata and quartzitic sandstones, &c. ; this, combined with the 

 dense forest, affords a geologist few opportunities of seeing much. The 

 Tanir juli marks the junction of the stratified rocks and the metamorphic 

 series, for some distance, by its wide open valley, the breadth correspond- 

 ing with the outcrop of the whole Damuda series. The valley of the 

 Dikrang corresponds with the continuation of this outcrop for a long dis- 

 tance to the NE. ; its very probable extension westward is marked on the 

 map by several streams excavated on the main line of strike, along the 

 base of the gneissic rocks. 



Having once found this thick carbonaceous seam,* it was very easy to 

 follow it up. It crosses the Dikrang in a NE. direction and shews on 

 the left bank close to the suspension bridge, beyond which it leaves the 

 river and becomes covered up with alluvial deposits. Down the Dikrang 

 from this spot, a set of very hard compact sandstone strata, perpendi- 

 cular and shewing metamorphism, is exposed along the bed of the river, 

 and, about half a mile down, their junction with the unaltered soft Tertiary 

 sandstones is capitally displayed on the right bank. The latter rocks 

 have a high southerly dip, and although having the same strike, gave me a 

 still stronger impression of their unconformity. 



* This coal would have to be worked up into an artificial fuel, such as is described 

 by Mr. Mallet at page 60 of his memoir. 



