210 H. H. Godwin- Austen — On the Evidence of past [No. 3, 



been removed. Such a bed of transported material would again be found 

 at this point, if large snow beds, or small glaciers were to be formed on the 

 slopes of the Shillong peak, where the Umshirpi takes its rise, so as to 

 produce a greater aqueous action, and sudden rushes of water. Yet I 

 did not consider myself quite justified in attributing such appearances 

 to more than the former greater intensity of aqueous action alone, especi- 

 ally on so low a latitude as 25° 30'.* However, during my last expedition 

 into the same range further east, where it rises to nearly 10,000 feet, it was 

 highly interesting to find the most unmistakeable signs of former consider- 

 able glacial action. By any one who has traversed a glaciated region, the 

 slightest evidence of such action is at once detected, which to the uninitiat- 

 ed eye might escape notice, but the moraines of the Burrail are of such dimen- 

 sions, and so partake of all the characters of glacial action having once been 

 in full force, as to strike the most unobservant as being peculiar. Bound- 

 ing the base of the Burrail on the direct road from Samaguting towards 

 Munipur, after passing the village of Suchema under the curiously shaped 

 and conspicuous scarp of Su-ve-nu-chi-ka, descending into the deep valley 

 of the Zubza, on via Jotsama and Phesama, Kigwema is reached, and 

 shortly after coming in view of this last village, the path leads up the steep 

 terminal slope and on to the level surface of the old moraine, on which our 

 camp was soon pitched at an elevation of 5000 ft. The imagination could 

 picture the time when the deep valley at the back, above which towered 

 the cliffs and peak of Japvo (the point we had to ascend and observe from), 

 was filled with the ice that had pushed and carried the large blocks of stone 

 and earth forward. The summit of Japvo, a trigonometrical station, is 

 9,890 ft. above the sea, and the mean height of this eastern part of the 

 Burrail, which here takes a bend to the south, is about 9,000. The Ter- 

 tiary rocks, which first begin to rise above all the surrounding country near 

 Asalu, dipping S E, continue, with a gradual elevation of the base of the 

 series for 50 miles, until they attain their highest elevation near Japvo ; the 

 south-easterly dip changes gradually round to west, and presents a precipi- 

 tous face at right angles to the direction of the main watershed : — the con- 

 tinuity of the Burrail as a high range is thus reduced suddenly from 9,000 

 to 5,000 feet, and the much older contorted clay shales and schists on 

 which the Tertiary rocks unconformably rest are exposed. Along this east 

 face there are several deep gorges, their streams joining the Zullo, which rises 

 under the peaks of Tenepu and Khunho. Across the low saddle of the 

 older series, which has a breadth of 5 miles, the newer rocks again come 

 in, with a reversed dip, at Tellizo, -and its base rises again towards the N E, 



* Dr. ¥m. Hooker lias noticed the glacial features in the Atlas Mountains ; and 

 Palgrave again south of the Caspian in lat. 36°. 



