1866.] The Arabic Element in Official Hindustani. 7 



which simply means a speaker ; or " firiyadi" which, besides being a 

 foreign word, means literally one who cries out, a weeper, lam enter ; 

 which a plaintiff often is not. 



Mudda'd 'alayhi, literally " the complained against him," or "he 

 who is complained against ;" being the passive participle of mudda'i, 

 with the preposition and pronominal affix 'alayhi. Pratibddi, " he who 

 speaks back again" is far less comprehensive. 



Hashu'tta/sili'hayU, " according to the specification below" is 

 good and grammatical Arabic, and in its Persianized form " hash-i 

 tafsil zayV gives a neat and convenient official formula for the 

 roundabout Hindi " jaisd hi nichhe likhd hud hai," which cannot 

 be formed into a compound adjective or otherwise manipulated. 



Inkizd, " completion," is the regular verbal noun of the seventh 

 conjugation of the verb kazdya the original meaning of which, as I 

 have elsewhere shewn, is " cutting off, finishing, defining, decreeing," 

 the word is used frequently in pure Arabic in the same sense. 



Ba'd inkizd-i mohlat, " after the expiry of the term," is correct 

 enough, and almost incapable of being tersely expressed in Hindi 

 without recourse to some half obsolete word of Sanskrit origin. 



Bi muktazd ; according to ; in the phrase, " hi muktazd rdi 'addlat" 

 " according to the opinion of the court," the root kazdya in the eighth 

 conjugation, has the sense of deciding. The expression hi muktaza is 

 used in Arabic authors as the equivalent of "secundum" "ad." I 

 should be glad if some of our critics would express this phrase in 

 modern Hindi in terms equally neat, and as generally intelligible. 



Inkishdf ; istiswdb ; intizdm ; ikhdl ; are further instances of words 

 which may be found in Arabic and Persian classics in the same sense 

 as they bear in Hindustani. It is useless to multiply instances, were 

 I to give half of the words used correctly by our Munshis I should 

 have to write a volume, not an essay. 



To turn next to words which are used by Hindustani writers in a 

 sense different from their classical usage, also words which are not 

 found at all in the classics ; we find them tolerably numerous, and 

 they form in fact the chief stumbling-blocks to the purists. The word 

 "istimzaj" for instance is not found in good Arabic or in those Persian 

 authors who use Arabic words. The root ' mazaja' means he mixed, 

 and the noun " rnizaj" implies ' mixture' and is used for that mixture 



