94 G. E. Fryer— Pali Studies.— No. 1. [No. 2, 



of the Sense (Chap. 4), constituting the two divisions of Rhetoric, are both 

 held to be composition (bandha), v. 13. Faulty composition, even when 

 combined with Verbal Ornament, is not esteemed, v. 14. Faultless com- 

 position with Verbal Ornament is admired even without Ornaments of the 

 Sense, v. 16. 



After these prefatory remarks, the author proceeds to enumerate and 

 explain the several Rhetorical Faults (Chap. 1) ; and to show how they 

 should be avoided (Chap. 2). 



The divisions of Faults (dosa) are hold to be threefold : they occur (a) in 

 a word, (b) in a sentence, and (c) in the sense of a sentence. 

 (a.) Faulty words are such as suggest an idea, which is 



1. Repugnant (viruddhatthantara) , as when a word is employed 

 which suggests a meaning different from what is intended ; as for example 

 ' visado', which suggests yielding poison, when shedding water is the mean- 

 ing intended, v. 22. The fault is avoided when the context sufficiently sets 

 forth the intended meaning, v. 71, 72. 



2. Extravagant (adhyattha), as when an exaggerated epithet is ap- 

 plied to an object which has to be particularized ; as ' obhasitasesadiso' to 

 ' khajjoto', v. 23. The fault is avoided in the following — ' if men lacking 

 virtue fail to obtain respect, will the lack-lustre firefly illume every spot ? v. 73. 



3. Inconsistent (hilittha), as when from the use of radicals, affixes 

 and the like, comprehension of the meaning is difficult, as ' pi ' in ' piya', v. 

 24. The fault, however, is avoided if the root is introduced into on enig- 

 matical query, as ' from what embrace indeed will a lover not embrace hap- 

 piness ? v. 74. Any word of far-fetched meaning employed in the varieties 

 of Rhyme (yamaka), or Enigma (paheli), is included in this fault, v. 25. 

 That euphonic combination of twin words formed of acknowledged words, 

 combined with the merit ' Pleasing Style', is termed Rhyme, v. 26. Rhyme 

 formed by a repetition of syllables is threefold : — (a) non-separated (avya- 

 peta) ; (b) separated (vyapeta) ; and (c) both sorts combined : these divisions 

 may appear either in the beginning, middle, or end of a quarter verse 

 (pada), v. .27. Verses 28 to 31 illustrate 'non-separate' Rhyme at the 

 commencement of quarter verses (avyapetapddddiyamaJca) . From these 

 examples, the ' separate' sort may easily be inferred, v. 32. Of the last 

 named kind there are many varieties, containing combinations, both simple 

 and complex, v. 33. But as ' Rbyme' and ' Enigma' are not altogether 

 pleasing, they are not dwelt upon here, v. 34. 



4. Contradictory, (virodhi) which is sixfold, in respect to : — 



1. Place (desavirodhidosa) . 



2. Time (kdlavirodhi). 



3. Mechanical art (Icalavirodhi). 



4. Nature flokavirodhij. 



