1875.] G. E. Fryer— Pali Studies.— -No. 1. 95 



5. Propriety (Myavirodlri) . 



6. The sacred books (agamavirodhi) , vv. 35, 76 to 81. 



5. Inferred (neyya). The use of the word ' dhavala' white, in the 

 example, leads to the inference, that the whiteness at night spoken of, arose 

 from the moon, v. 36. This fault is universally condemned by poets, as 

 the omission of an exponent word renders the meaning obscure, v. 37. The 

 fault is avoided by the employment of words, which convey their meaning 

 immediately, as in the examples given in vv. 82, 83, which also exemplify 

 the ' Lucid Style', v. 148. 



6. Dependent on an epithet (vises andpekhlia), as in the example ' he 

 beholds him attentively with eyes', v. 38, where ' cakkhuna' is unqualified. 

 The faidt is removed by adding ' kodhapatalabhutena', red with anger. 

 (Comp. v. 364.) 



7. Defective in meaning fhinaltha), as when an unequal and dis- 

 paraging comparison is made ; as 'the dim-firefly sun is rising', v. 39. The 

 fault is avoided by the use of the emphatic particle ' api' even, as in the 

 following ' A wise man destroys the effect of even the smallest demerit ; 

 The sun possesses the light even of the dimly lustrous firefly', v. 85. 



8. Unmeaning (anatthaj, as when an unmeaning expletive, such as 

 ' pi' here, is inserted. merely to complete the verse, v. 40 ; verse 86 shows 

 how the fault may be avoided. 



(i.) Faulty sentences are such as are 



1. Tautological (ekattfia). The repetition may be (a) of a word, 

 as ' varido varido' possessing the same sound, though different in meaning, 

 v. 41 ; or (b) of the sense, as ' pasadeti and pasanno' having the same sense, 

 but different in sound, v. 42. If it is desired to express fear, anger, or 

 praise, repetition ceases to be a fault, v. 88. 



2. Regardless of usage (bhaggariti), as when the diction is broken, 

 v. 43. In the example given, ' pakati' has no interrogative pronoun 

 connected with it, as ' pahha and guno' have. The fault is corrected in 

 verse 89. 



3. Confused (vydkinna — ), as when confusion arises from a loose 

 disorderly arrangement of words as ' these people * * adore Sugata, the 

 constant friend of evildoers', v. 45. The opposite of this is a firm and 

 compact style, as ' the eyes (of a Jina) are like blue lotuses, his lip beautiful 

 as the Bandhuka flower ; his nose like a golden hook, therefore this Jina is 

 as one who looks kindly on every one^(Piyadassana). v. 91. 



4. Rustic {gamma), as when a word denoting speciality is want- 

 ing in a sentence, as — ' Oh maiden ! loving me, why not love me now', v. 46; 

 or when, from the association of the words, the sense is obscure as ' which 

 your lover ?', v. 47. Brilliancy of language, though coarse, from the 

 pleasure it imparts, is not considered rustic speech ; as ' Oh kind (husband) ! 



