1S75.] J. Butler — Mougli Notes on tlie Angami Nagds. 331 



of much earthy matter due to the soft sandstones out of which they are 

 derived. This and long surface weathering has led to their being well 

 cultivated and terraced, but the original lines of larger angular blocks are 

 still apparent. Through these moraines the present streams have cut their 

 channels down to the solid rock, leaving the slopes at an angle of 45°, out 

 of which project great masses of the subangular sandstones. The thickness 

 of the moraine at Kigwema is quite 300 feet at the terminal slope, and the 

 length of the former glacier would have been four miles to the crest of 

 range at Japvo. At the head of the Zullo, traces of this former state of 

 things are shown by the even height at which large transported blocks of 

 the tertiary sandstones lie up against the sides of the ravine, resting on 

 patches of rubble. No part of the Barrail is more beautiful than that be- 

 tween Kigwema and Sopvoma, looking up the lateral glacial gorges, with 

 their frowning steep sides running up to the crest of the Barrail, which is for 

 the greater part a wall of grey rock and precipice. Dense forest covers the 

 slopes, but from their steepness many parts are bare, breaking the mono- 

 tony of this dark coloured mountain scenery. Where the steep rise in the 

 slope commences, the spurs are at once more level and are terraced for 

 rice cultivation. Not a square yard of available land has been left, and the 

 system of irrigation canals is well laid out. I have never, even in the 

 better cultivated parts of the Himalayas, seen terrace cultivation carried to 

 such perfection, and it gives a peculiarly civilized appearance to the country." 



The Botany of the Naga Hills has still to be described, but this is a 

 speciality only to be undertaken by an expert, to which title, I regret, I am 

 nnable to lay any claim whatever. I must therefore content myself with 

 observing that oak, fir, birch, larch, apple, and apricot, are all to be found 

 here, besides numerous other trees common to Asam. Of orchids there is 

 a very great variety indeed. Indigenous tea is found growing all along 

 the low northern slopes at the foot of the Barrail. Among the jungle 

 products I may mention bees-wax, India-rubber, tea seed, and several 

 fibres, besides red, yellow, blue, and black dyes. 



As with the Botany, so with the Natural History, we require men who 

 have devoted their lives to its study, to do the subject justice. I will there- 

 fore not attempt to do more than furnish the following list of some of the 

 chief among the wild animals that I am personally aware are all to be found 

 in the tract in question. 



1. Elephant — Elephas Indicus. These animals swarm throughout 



the Dhansiri valley, and are found all along the low ranges of 

 the Barrail, but are rare in the high Angami country. 



2. Rhinoceros — Rhinocerus Indicus. \ These two animals are rare, 



3. "Wild Buffalo — Bubalus Ami. j and are only to be met with in 



the Dhansiri vallc3 r . 

 s s 



