1365,] Coins of the Nine Nag as. ■ 121 



name it is mentioned by Hesychius, who lived about A. D, 350 to 

 380, as Kepcra Acriavov vofxtcr/xa 



8. Of the J- pana, tbe few specimens that I possess belong to the 

 Peacock type, but the heaviest weighs only 64 grains. Of the J pana 

 or kdkini, the specimens are common and of all the types. One 

 peacock coin of Maharaja Va * * weighs 36 grains, five specimens of 

 Bhima average 34 grains each, three illegible coins give 34.2 grains, 

 twelve peacock coins of Skanda give 34.1 grains, five Bull coins of 

 Skanda give 37.2 grains, nine Bull coins of Granapati average 34.5 

 grains, and two of Deva Naga weigh respectively 39 and 35 grains. 

 Altogether these 37 specimens offer a mean weight of 34.87 grains, 

 which, making allowance for wear, is sufficiently near the standard 

 which I have adopted for the quarter pana or Kdkini. Of the half 

 kdkini, the specimens are very numerous, embracing three Bull coins 

 of Skanda, all the coins of Brihaspati, the greater number of those oi 

 Granapati, and two coins of Deva Naga. The three coins of Skanda 

 give a mean of 16 grains each, thirteen coins of Brihaspati give 18.3 

 grains, thirty-four coins of Granapati give 17.55 grains each, and two 

 of Deva Naga give 18.5 each. The mean of these specimens gives a 

 weight of 17.76 grains for the half kdkini, which is within half a grain 

 of the standard. Of the quarter kdkini, which was the smallest 

 " coin" of the old Hindu mint, the only examples belong to Granapati. 

 Twenty of my specimens weigh 140 grains or exactly^ 7 grains each, 

 the heaviest being 11 \ and the lightest 4 \ grains. In the original 

 monetary scheme of the Hindus, the copper pana was equal in weight 

 to 80 raktikas (or ratis), and in value to a handful of cowree shells. 

 The average handful was fixed at 80 cowrees a number, which I have 

 tested repeatedly with cowrees of all sizes as the handful always rang- 

 ed between 70 and 85 shells. To this circumstance the coin owed its 

 name of pana or the handful from pdni, the hand. Both the name 

 and the value are even now preserved in the. Calcutta reckoning;of 

 cowrees in which 4 cowrees make 1 ganda and 20 gandh make 1 pan, 

 that is 80 cowrees are still equal to 1 pan, 

 I. Biiima Naga. 



Fi<j. 2. — 5 specimens. 



(>hv. — Peacock standing to leftx 



Rev. — A horizontal line like a spear-head. 

 Legend". Maharaja Bhima Naga'. 



