228 Report of the Archceoloyical Survey. [No. 4 



formed of earthen ramparts and bastions, with a circuit of 23,100 feet, 

 or exactly 4 miles and 3 fnrlongs. The ramparts have a general 

 height of from 30 to 35 feet above the fields, but the bastions are con- 

 siderably higher ; those on the north face rising to upwards of 50 feet, 

 while those at the south-west and south-east angles are more than 60 

 feet. Originally there were ditches all round the fortress, but at 

 present there are only a few shallow hollows at the foot of the rampart. 

 The parapets were of brick and stone, but although the remains of 

 these defences can be traced nearly all round, I could not find any 

 portion of the old wall with a facing sufficiently perfect to enable me 

 to determine its thickness. The large size of the bricks, which are 

 19 inches long by 12 J by 2 J, shows that these are the ruins of very 

 old walls. In shape the fortress may be described as an irregular rect- 

 angle, with its longer sides running almost due north and south. The 

 length of the different faces is as follows : — 



North front , ... 4,500 feet 



South 6,000 „ 



East 7,500 „ 



West 5,100 „ 



Total 23,100 feet 



The difference in length between the north and south fronts is due 

 to the original extension of the fortress on the river face ; but the 

 difference between the east and west fronts is, I believe, chiefly, if not 

 wholly, due to the loss of the south-west angle of the ramparts by the 

 gradual encroachments of the Jumna. There are no traces now left of the 

 western half of the ramparts on the southern face, and the houses of the 

 village of Garhawd are standing on the very edge of the cliff overhang- 

 ing the river. The reach of the river also from the Pahka Burj at 

 the south-west angle of the fortress up to the hill of Prabhdsa, a 

 clear straight run of 4 miles, bears 12 degrees to the north of east, 

 whereas in the time of Hwen Thsang there were two stupas and a 

 cave at a distance of 1J miles to the south-west of Kosdmbi. From 

 all these concurring circumstances, I conclude that the west front of 

 the fortress was originally as nearly as possible of the same length as 

 the east front. This would add 2,400 feet, or nearly half a mile to 

 the length of the west front, and would increase the whole circuit 



