1865.] Report of the Archceoloyical Survey* 229 



of the ramparts to 4 miles and 7 furlongs, which is within one furlong 

 of the measurement of 5 miles, or 30 li recorded by Hwen Thsang. In 

 the three main points therefore of name, size, and position, the present 

 Kosam corresponds most exactly with the ancient Kosambi as it is 

 described by the Chinese pilgrim in the 7th century. 



288. Viewed from the outside, the ruins of Kosambi present a 

 most striking appearance. My previous enquiries had led me to ex- 

 pect only a ruined mound some 20 or 30 feet in height covered with 

 broken bricks. What was my surprise therefore, when still at some 

 distance from the place on the north-east side, to behold extending for 

 about 2 miles a long line of lofty earthen mounds as high as most of 

 the trees. I felt at once that this was the celebrated Kosambi, the 

 capital of the far-famed Raja Udayana. On reaching the place, I 

 mounted one of the huge earthen bastions, from whence I had a clear 

 view of the interior. This was very uneven, but free from jungle, the 

 whole surface being thickly covered with broken bricks. In many 

 places the bricks were partially cleared away to form fields, but in others 

 the broken bricks were so thickly strewn that the earth beneath was 

 scarcely discemable. But I was disappointed to find that there were 

 no prominent masses of ruin ; the only object that caught the eye 

 being a modern Jain temple. I recognized the positions of six gates 

 by the deep depressions in the lines of rampart. There are two of 

 these openings on each of the three land faces of the fortress. 



289. The present village of Kosam consists of two distinct portions, 

 named Kosam Indm and Kosam Khirdj, or "Rent-free" and " Rent- 

 paying" Kosam, the former being on the west, and the latter on the east 

 side of the old fortress. Inside the ramparts, and on the bank of the Jumna, 

 there are two small villages called Garhavjd Bard and Garliawa Chota, 

 their names being no doubt derived from their position within the 

 fort or garh. Beyond Kosam Inam is the large village of Pali, contain- 

 ing 100 houses, and beyond Kosam Khiraj on the bank of the Jumna 

 stands the hamlet of Gop-Sahasa. To the north there is another 

 hamlet called Ambd-Kua, because it possesses a large old well sur- 

 rounded by a grove of Mango trees. All these villages together do not 

 contain more than 350 or 400 houses, with about 2,000 inhabitants. 



290. The great object of veneration at Kosambi was the celebrated 

 statue of Buddha in red sandal wood, which was devoutly believed to 

 have been made during the lifetime of Buddha by a sculptor whom 



