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and resident. In Scandinavia it is also generally distributed, being found up to the north of 
Trondjem, according to Nilsson, who also states that it has been seen at Jockmock, in Lapland 
lt is a common bird in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. Meyer records the present 
species as common, and migratory in Livonia; and it is also a migrant in North Germany 
according to Borggreve. Naumann states that it is found all over Germany, being chiefly 
migratory; but in some parts the birds are resident, or only change their habitats to some 
extent. He says that “they migrate during the daytime, generally in the forenoon, from eight 
to twelve, or even one o'clock, or, when they feel that bad weather is approaching, to three o'clock. 
The chief portion have passed by the middle of October, after which only stragglers are seen.” 
Throughout France it is sedentary, as also in the Rhenish Provinces. In Italy and Sardinia it is 
also a resident, and, according to Von Homeyer, is common on the Balearic Isles. In Spain 
Major Irby informs us that it is the most common of all the Titmice, and is there called 
“ Carpintero”’ and “ Quive-vive;” in Portugal it is also found. Dr. C. Bolle states that in the 
Canary Islands it is found on Teneriffe and Palma; and Mr. C. A. Wright has recorded a single 
instance of its occurrence in Malta. In Algeria it is a resident bird, and occurs in most of the 
countries along the Mediterranean basin, though as yet it has not been met with in Egypt; we 
should, however, not be surprised to hear that it had been seen on the Delta, though only as an 
occasional visitant. Lord Lilford says that it is occasionally seen in winter in Corfu and Epirus. 
In Greece Von der Mihle observes that it comes with its congeners in winter into Roumelia, 
where it also breeds. Lindermayer, more fully, states that it is much “‘ commoner in that country 
than other species of Titmice, and not only breeds on the higher mountain-ranges, but even in 
the olive-woods on the plains. Although it is not found on the islands, it must be considered a 
resident.” As regards its occurrence in Palestine, Dr. Tristram has published (Ibis, 1866, 
p- 285) the following note :— 
“Of the Titmice only one, Parus major, L., is common in Palestine; it is found in all the 
woods and oliveyards east and west, but never in the Jordan valley; and its coloration is very 
bright. It is rather an early breeder; but we found one nest ready to hatch in an olive-tree 
near Jerusalem on April 26th.” 
Mr. T. Robson, of Ortakeuy, near Constantinople, writes us that “this bird is abundant in 
Turkey in Europe and Asia Minor, where it is widely distributed. It is a lively, active bird, 
frequenting gardens and seeking its food, which consists of insects, amongst trees, bushes, old 
tree-roots, &c. It is also abundant in woods where there are old trees, which it appears to 
prefer to low brushwood, and is partial to alder trees. On the bare mountain-sides it is rarely 
seen, except where a few isolated decayed trees remain standing, on the trunks and amongst the 
branches of which these restless birds find food and shelter. In gardens and shrubberies in 
towns they are also often to be met with and nest there, building in holes in trees or walls, 
generally the latter or behind detached pieces of wood in the sides of the houses. In the winter 
they congregate, and in small companies traverse daily wide districts in search of food. They 
are constant residents in Turkey.” 
The Great Titmouse has been sent from Trebizond by Mr. Keith Abbott; and Radde and 
Von Nordmann say that it is common in South Russia. It likewise appears to extend 
throughout Siberia. Radde found that specimens collected there agreed with those from 
