8 
Italy. Two specimens, given us by Count Salvadori, belong to the ordinary P. palustris. They were 
both collected in the spring of 1870, and agree with examples from the north of Europe. 
Greece. We have in our collection two specimens of the same bird, obtained on Mount Olympus by 
Dr. Kriiper in November 1869. They are consequently in autumn plumage, and are rather darker than the 
Piedmontese skins just noticed. 
Asia Minor. Mr. Robson sends us a single example from Guiken, killed on the 1st of November 1870. 
It is also referable to P. palustris, and agrees precisely with the before-mentioned birds from Greece, being 
like them in autumn dress. 
Siberia. Our collection embraces a single specimen from the southern part of Lake Baikal, where it was 
procured by Dr. Dybowski on the 18th of March, 1870. It is, as far as we can see, the same as P. borealis of 
Europe, but is rather more mealy in appearance, and has the cap of an extraordinary length, extending nearly 
halfway down the back. It would, however, be impossible to decide about these differences from our single 
specimen. 
TuE résumé above given will, we trust, solve the doubts of our readers as to the perfect distinct- 
ness of the present species from the Common Marsh-Titmouse. Other circumstantial evidence 
has been published, which will be found in Dr. Bree’s Birds of Europe, and will therefore be 
familiar to all our readers. The history of the present bird, so far as it is at present worked out, 
tends to prove that Parus borealis is a more eastern bird than P. palustris, which (unless our 
supposition be true that P. batcalensis of Swinhoe is the same) is not known as an inhabitant of 
Siberia. Here, however, P. borealis isa very common bird; and it is plentiful in Northern Europe, - 
while it occupies a few favoured mountainous localities in other parts of the Continent, having 
been found in Galicia, and is by no means rare in the Swiss Alps. Here and in Sayoy a slightly 
modified form, Parus alpestris, occurs, which we have endeavoured to show, from the elaborate 
disquisition of M. Fatio, is not to be separated from P. borealis. 
The present species has not occurred in Northern Europe westward of Norway. In his 
work on the birds of that country, Mr. Collett states that it “breeds commonly in all larger 
conifer woods, more particularly in those which are in a more elevated position, from the 
Hvalceer (islands) up to East Finmark, where it is a resident. In Christiansand it is most 
numerous in the eastern part, but breeds also along the west coast in several of the forests, 
as well as on the mountains and at Send Fjord. On the sides of the fells it often passes above 
the conifer region, and breeds in the birch region. Its geographical distribution, compared with 
that of Parus palustris, is as yet not sufficiently well known.” In a subsequent letter he writes 
as follows:—‘‘ From the borders of Nordland throughout Finmark it quite takes the place of 
Parus palustris, whereas in the south both species are equally numerous, but each keeps to its 
own especial locality. In the western parts of Norway it is tolerably numerous, both in conifer 
and non-evergreen growth.” Nilsson states that in Sweden it is chiefly a northern bird, but has 
latterly extended its range southward. Professor Sundevall says that from 61° N. lat. it quite 
takes the place of P. palustris; though the receipt of several specimens from the neighbourhood 
of Stockholm shows that both species occur in the neighbourhood of that town. Wheelwright 
found it plentiful at Quickjock, in Lapland; and Von Wright records it as the commonest 
Titmouse in Finland. Continuing its northern range, Dr. von Middendorff says respecting this 
bird, ‘‘ I observed it on the Jenesei up to near Turuchansk. In the Stanowoi Mountains, on the 
Uda, and on the Schantar Islands it was very common, and the only common bird of this family. 
