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passage, but is much rarer than the Bearded Titmouse, and is never seen in winter. According 
to Salvadori it is found in Piedmont, Lombardy, Venice, and Tuscany; and Malherbe states that 
it is resident in Sicily, where it breeds in the marshes near Catania and on the banks of the 
Anapus and the river of Cyane. In Piedmont, however, it is certainly not resident, but arrives 
in March or April, leaving again in the autumn. Mr. A. B. Brooke informs me that it has not 
yet been observed in Sardinia, nor does it occur in Malta. In Southern Germany, as above 
stated, it is said to be not uncommon in some localities, but it appears to be rare in Bohemia; 
for Dr. A. Fritsch says that he only knows of one authentic instance of its occurrence there, viz. 
near Miinchengratz in 1850; and as regards its occurrence in Austria, Herr von Pelzeln states 
that one was obtained in the City of Vienna, between the bridges. Messrs. Danford and Harvie- 
Brown write (Ibis, 1875, p. 803) that in Transylvania it is “rare. Herr Klir, when with us, saw 
three at a lake near Zah, in the Mezdseg. Bieltz says that he received a nest and eggs which 
were taken on the Maros river, near Karlsburg, and that it has also been found on the lakes at 
Tovis. Herr Ott6 remarks that this species only came once (1872) to the Mezoseg, and then 
disappeared quickly.” It is said to be tolerably common in some parts of Hungary ; and it is also 
found in Greece and Turkey. Dr. Kriiper says that it inhabits the marshes of Greece, but is 
very difficult to find. In 1873 he obtained in a dried-up marsh in the valley of the Parnassus 
four nests, some with, and others without eggs; and he caught the birds alive. He received 
the first nest, containing one egg, early in May. Lord Lilford states (Ibis, 1860, p. 233), it is 
‘“‘common in the great marshes at the mouth of the Acheron, in Epirus, in winter, and, I believe, 
resident there. It is curious that, though I am acquainted with many apparently equally suitable 
haunts for this species in Epirus, the above is the only locality in that country in which I have 
ever seen or heard of it.’ In Southern Russia it is, Mr. Sabandeff informs me, tolerably common, 
but rarely penetrates into Central Russia. Its nest has been found as high as the district of 
Borowsk, in the Government of Kalouga. In the Ural it extends much further to the north, 
and is numerous in the districts of Ekaterinburg and Schadrinsk, nearly in 57° N, lat. 
Its artistic nest, he writes, “‘is built almost always amongst the outer branches of the birch, 
rarely in a willow, and never inthe reeds. It arrives about the middle of April; and at the end of 
May the nest contains often five to nine eggs. It leaves again about the beginning of September. 
Sometimes the nest has two entrances, and rarely two compartments or stories. It is considered 
to be a good remedy for fever and rheumatism.” Professor von Nordmann speaks of it as being 
generally common in Southern Russia; but there is another perfectly distinct species near 
Astrachan (4igithalus castaneus), which, until quite lately, has been contused with the common 
Penduline Titmouse. In Asia Minor it appears to be rare; for Dr. Kriiper only mentions that his 
collector shot one in a marsh between Smyrna and Burnabat; but Herr Guido von Gonzenbach 
has found its nest there; Mr. C. Danford has also lent to me three specimens obtained by 
himself at Ceesarea, in Asia Minor. I do not find that the present species extends as far south 
as the southern shores of the Mediterranean; but to the eastward it is certainly found as far as 
Turkestan, if not further, Dr. Severtzoff figures it in his work on the fauna of Turkestan from 
the Jaxartes, and says that it breeds in Turkestan. De Filippi met with it at Mianeh, in North- 
western Persia, on the road between Tabriz and Kazvin; but Mr. Blanford informs me that there 
are no specimens in the collection at Turin. Iam unable to state whether the present species is 
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