176 
2 
2483. Sitta europea, L., is, as stated in a previous number, found throughout Northern Europe, eastward 
to Japan. It differs from the next species in having the underparts generally white, and the legs 
plumbeous grey. 
2484. S. cesia, Wolf & Meyer, differs from the preceding species in having the underparts dull cinnamon 
instead of white, and the legs dull light brown instead of plumbeous grey. Its range is given above. 
2484.a. S. cashmirensis, Brooks (Journ. As. Soc. 1872, p. 73), is described, from the forests of Cashmere, as 
differing from S. cesia in having no white edging to the under tail-coverts. 
2484, S. neumayeri, Mich. (syriaca, Ehr.), differs from S. ewropea and S. cesia not only in its habits, 
being a frequenter of the rocks, and not of the trees, but also in plumage and size, as it has the under- 
parts white, clouded with fulvous towards the vent, and lacks all white on the tail-feathers, S. ewropea 
having the outer feathers broadly banded with white. It also has much more powerful bill and feet 
than the two preceding species. My friend and late colleague Mr. R. B. Sharpe has lately described 
(Ann. Nat. Hist. 1872, p. 450), under the name of Sttta tephronota, a Rock-Nuthatch from Central 
Asia, which, after most careful comparison, I cannot allow to be a good species, but merely a pale 
specimen of S. neumayeri. Mr. Blanford brought home a series of these pale birds from Shiraz, in 
Southern Persia, from the examination of which I am fully convinced that Mr. Sharpe’s species cannot 
stand. On the other hand, Mr. Blanford has described a small Rock-Nuthatch from the Elburz 
Mountains, north of Tehran, under the name of 
2485 a. S. rupicola, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 87, which I think will stand as a good species. It is much smaller 
than S. newmayeri, and has much more slender feet and bill, the black stripe on the side of the head bemg 
also much less developed. It is as yet only known from the Elburz Mountains. 
2486. S. himalayensis, Jard. & S., is a very much smaller bird than S. cesia, to which it is nearest allied, 
and not only has the underparts much brighter-coloured, but differs in the arrangement of the white 
on the tail-feathers, there being a distinct white spot near the base of the two central feathers. It 
occurs on the southern slope of the Himalayas, in Kumaon, Nepal, and Bootan. 
- 2486 a. S. neglecta, Walden (Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. v. p. 218), from the Karen Hills, of the Toungoo 
district, Burma, is described by Lord Walden as differing from S. himalayensis by its much stouter and 
longer bill, by the deep ferruginous tint of the under surface, and by the absence of a white spot on the 
basal half of the middle rectrices. 
2487. S. castaneiventris, Franklin, differs in having in the male the breast and lower underparts deep 
chestnut, the throat and face bemg white. Dr. Jerdon gives its range as “the jungles of Southern 
and Central India, from the extreme south to Rajmahal and Merzapore.” 
2488. S. cinnamomeoventris, Blyth, is closely allied to the preceding species, differing, according to Dr. Jerdon, 
“in having the bill broader, not so much depressed, and in being a somewhat stouter bird. It has 
only been procured in the South-eastern Himalayas.” 
2489. S. leucopsis, Gould. As stated by Dr. Sclater (Ibis, 1865, p. 310), “ this species belongs to the same 
group as S. carolinensis, and is readily distinguishable from every other Asiatic species by its black 
head and nape.” It differs from S. carolinensis in having the flanks and under tail-coverts rufous. It 
is, I believe, only known from Simla, where the specimens figured by Mr. Gould were obtained in the 
Mahasoo Forest at an elevation of 8000 feet. 
2490. S. carolinensis, Lath, is found only in America, where, according to Dr. Sclater, it is “ generally 
distributed over the North-American continent, from New Brunswick on the east coast and Washington 
territory on the west, down to the isthmus of Tehuantepec. It has the crown, nape, and fore part of 
the back black; rest of the back blue, and the underparts, with the sides of the face and neck, pure 
white. 
2491. S. canadensis, Linn., is a small Nuthatch, having the head black, a white superciliary line passing 
over the eye, the back blue, and the underparts dull light cinnamon-brown. It is found in North 
