3 
tiania district it is common in Nedernes, but rare on the west coast, where it is only observed 
now and then during migration. 
In Sweden it ranges rather further north than-tthe Nuthatch ; and Sundevall (Sv. Fogl. p. 95) 
says that it occurs as high as Medelpad, in 62—63° N. lat., and is common near Gefle and in 
Upland, Nerike, and the southern part of Dalecarlia; to which I may add that I frequently saw 
it near Gefle, and not far from Upsala. In Finland it is found, Von Wright says, almost all 
over the country, and is common at Kuopio. I have seen it once or twice in Southern Finland, 
where it does not appear to be common ; and it is said to be somewhat rare near St. Petersburg. 
Mr. Meves found it at Peterhoff, Andoma, and Kargopol, where, he says, it was not very rare; 
and Mr. Sabanieff informs me that it is found throughout Central Russia, but is not common. 
In the Ural he met with it as far as Pavada; but it was not observed on the south-eastern slopes 
during the breeding-season. On the western slope of the Ekaterinburg Ural it is very common 
in the fir-growth. 
It occurs in Poland and the Baltic Provinces, and is a resident throughout North Germany, 
wandering about during the autumn and winter months. Borggreve states that it is not so 
common in the conifer-woods in Eastern as in Western Germany. In Denmark it is tolerably 
common in the wooded districts, and is also found in some localities which are less thickly 
covered with tree-growth. 
In Belgium, Holland, and France it is resident, and tolerably common in wooded districts. 
The French naturalists look on the form which inhabits the low lands as distinct from that 
inhabiting the mountain-forests ; but I have carefully compared specimens from various parts of 
Hurope and am unable to detect any specific character on which to base a second species. In 
Portugal it also occurs; and Dr. Rey saw it when collecting there; but Iam unable to state 
whether it is common or not. In Spain, however, it is resident, and common in suitable 
localities. ° 
Passing eastward, again, I find it recorded by Bailly as found in the mountains of Switzer- 
land, Savoy, and the Basses-Alpes; and Salvadori says that it is common throughout Italy, it 
being also, according to Doderlein, numerous throughout the wooded portions of Sicily. Captain 
Sperling found it common in the olive-woods at Corfu; and in Greece, according to Lindermayer, 
it is resident in the Peloponnesus, Rumelia, and on the island of Eubcea, and breeds in Akarnania 
and Northern Greece, but does not occur on the islands of the archipelago. In South Germany 
itis common. Fritsch says that it frequents the woods, gardens, and trees planted by the road- 
sides. Mr. Stejneger speaks of it as being numerous in the Tyrol; and I have myself met with it 
in the oak woods of Styria, Bosnia, Lower Austria, Hungary, Servia, and Wallachia, and have 
specimens from ‘Turkey collected by Mr. Robson. Von Nordmann states that it is numerous 
throughout the year in the wooded districts bordering the Black Sea, but it only makes its 
appearance in the gardens on the steppes during the winter season. Mr. H. Goebel also records 
it (J. f. O. 1871, p. 131) as common in the Uman district in Southern Russia, where he has 
found it breeding. Ido not find it recorded from North-east Africa; but Major Loche speaks 
of it as being numerous in the wooded districts of Algeria, where it breeds, while Mr. L. Tacza- 
nowski says (J. f. O. 1870, p. 40) that he met with it in the pine- and cedar-woods of Algeria, 
where it was not plentiful. Colonel Irby informs me that he met with a single specimen at 
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